Analysis of On-Board Photovoltaics for a Battery Electric Bus and Their Impact on Battery Lifespan
Open accessAbstract
Heavy-duty electric powertrains provide a potential solution to the high emissions and low fuel economy of trucks, buses, and other heavy-duty vehicles. However, the cost, weight, and lifespan of electric vehicle batteries limit the implementation of such vehicles. This paper proposes supplementing the battery with on-board photovoltaic modules. In this paper, a bus model is created to analyze the impact of on-board photovoltaics on electric bus range and battery lifespan. Photovoltaic systems that cover the bus roof and bus sides are considered. The bus model is simulated on a suburban bus drive cycle on a bus route in Davis, CA, USA for a representative sample of yearly weather conditions. Roof-mounted panels increased vehicle driving range by 4.7% on average annually, while roof and side modules together increased driving range by 8.9%. However, variations in weather conditions meant that this additional range was not reliably available. For constant vehicle range, rooftop photovoltaic modules extended battery cycle life by up to 10% while modules on both the roof and sides extended battery cycle life by up to 19%. Although side-mounted photovoltaics increased cycle life and range, they were less weight- and cost-effective compared to the roof-mounted panels.
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Depth of discharge has a very strong effect on Li-ion batteries' cycle life.
“As demonstrated by Mallon et al., 2017 [84] the depth of discharge (DOD) has a very strong effect on Li-ion batteries' cycle life.”
From Parametric Study of a Lunar Base Power Systems (2021) · cites this paper as Mallon et al., 2017 [84]
The maximum capacity of a battery typically fades to 80% of its original value before it is considered to have reached the end of its life.
“The maximum capacity of a battery typically fades to 80% of its original value before it is considered to have reached the end of its life, according to the literature [5].”
From A Method for Validating CubeSat Satellite EPS Through Power Budget Analysis Aligned With Mission Requirements (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
For a number of cycles of 5510, the DoD is 70%.
“according to the graph of life cycles versus DoD [5], it is observed that for a number of cycles of 5510, the DoD is 70%”
From A Method for Validating CubeSat Satellite EPS Through Power Budget Analysis Aligned With Mission Requirements (2023) · cites this paper as [5]
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- Authors
- Mallon, K., Assadian, F., & Fu, B.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mallon, Kevin
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-07-07
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 943
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2726101256
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 2.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of California, Davis
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Keywords
- battery life, battery cycle life, electric vehicle range, heavy-duty electric vehicles, weather conditions
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