Co-Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Lignocellulosic Biomass in Supercritical Water
Open accessAbstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is an effective technology for bio-crude production. To date, various co-liquefaction studies were performed with contrasted (different composition) biomasses in subcritical water. Therefore, the present study investigated co-hydrothermal liquefaction of similar kinds of lignocellulosic biomasses (wheat straw, eucalyptus, and pinewood) in supercritical water under equal ratios at 400 °C with catalytic medium (K2CO3). The lower bio-crude and higher solid yields were obtained in co-liquefaction experiments, as compared to liquefaction of individual feedstocks. On the other hand, higher carbon recovery and higher HHVs were noticed in co-liquefaction-derived bio-crudes. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) results showed that organic compounds were detected in all bio-crudes in the order of phenol derivatives > ketones/aldehydes > aromatics > carboxylic acids/esters. The aqueous phase from all samples contained higher TOC in the range of 19 to 33 g/L, with alkaline pH. In short, the co-liquefaction slightly improved the bio-crude quality with a significant reduction in bio-crude energy recovery. This reflects that co-liquefaction of lignocellulosic feedstock is not favorable for enhancing bio-crude yield and improving the overall process economics of HTL.
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Other feedstocks used in HTL include lignin with 45 occurrences, lignocellulosic biomass with 28 occurrences, and sewage sludge with 48 occurrences.
“In addition, other feedstocks have been used in the HTL, such as lignin and lignocellulosic biomass, with 45 and 28 occurrences respectively [28–32], and sewage sludge, with 48 [16, 33–36].”
From Research Progress, Trends, and Future Prospects on Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Algae for Biocrude Production: A Bibliometric Analysis (2024) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Sharma, K., Shah, A. A., Toor, S. S., Seehar, T. H., Pedersen, T. H., & Rosendahl, L. A.
- Affiliations
- Aalborg University (DK)
- Dawood University of Engineering and Technology (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Toor, Saqib S.
- Venue
- Energies
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-03-19
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1708
- ISSN
- 1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3136192914
- Cited by
- 48
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- European Commission (727531)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Subcritical and Supercritical Water Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Heat transfer and supercritical fluids
- Keywords
- lignocellulosic biomass, supercritical water, biocrude, wheat straw, Eucalyptus, pine forest, potassium carbonate catalyst, energy recovery, aqueous phase, phenol derivatives, process economics
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