Cited by 58Biodiesel Production and ApplicationsCatalysis and Hydrodesulfurization StudiesAdvanced Combustion Engine Technologies

Biodiesel is dead: long life to advanced biofuels—a comprehensive critical review

Open access
Estevez, Rafael, Aguado-Deblas, Laura, López-Tenllado, Francisco J., Luna, Carlos, Calero, Juan, Romero, Antonio A., Bautista, Felipa M., Luna, Diego·2022·Energies

Abstract

Many countries are immersed in several strategies to reduce the carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions of internal combustion engines. One option is the substitution of these engines by electric and/or hydrogen engines. However, apart from the strategic and logistical difficulties associated with this change, the application of electric or hydrogen engines in heavy transport, e.g., trucks, shipping, and aircrafts, also presents technological difficulties in the short-medium term. In addition, the replacement of the current car fleet will take decades. This is why the use of biofuels is presented as the only viable alternative to diminishing CO2 emissions in the very near future. Nowadays, it is assumed that vegetable oils will be the main raw material for replacing fossil fuels in diesel engines. In this context, it has also been assumed that the reduction in the viscosity of straight vegetable oils (SVO) must be performed through a transesterification reaction with methanol in order to obtain the mixture of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) that constitute biodiesel. Nevertheless, the complexity in the industrial production of this biofuel, mainly due to the costs of eliminating the glycerol produced, has caused a significant delay in the energy transition. For this reason, several advanced biofuels that avoid the glycerol production and exhibit similar properties to fossil diesel have been developed. In this way, “green diesels” have emerged as products of different processes, such as the cracking or pyrolysis of vegetable oil, as well as catalytic (hydro)cracking. In addition, some biodiesel-like biofuels, such as Gliperol (DMC-Biod) or Ecodiesel, as well as straight vegetable oils, in blends with plant-based sources with low viscosity have been described as renewable biofuels capable of performing in combustion ignition engines. After evaluating the research carried out in the last decades, it can be concluded that green diesel and biodiesel-like biofuels could constitute the main alternative to addressing the energy transition, although green diesel will be the principal option in aviation fuel.

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  • The rationale behind co-processing is to achieve a more sustainable fuel given the reduced sulfur content that mixing with a bio-based fuel could provide, thus also reducing carbon-related emissions.

    “The rationale behind this is the attempt to achieve a more sustainable fuel give the reduced sulfur content that a mixing with a bio-based fuel could provide, thus also reducing the carbon-related emissions [55].”

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Obergassel, W.; Arens, C.; Hermwille, L.; Kreibich, N.; Mersmann, F.; Ott, H.E.; Wang-Helmreich, H. Phoenix from the ashes: An analysis of the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Eur. J. Int. Law 2015, 21, 9-77.
  2. Kemp, W.H. Biodiesel: Basics and Beyond: A Comprehensive Guide to Production and Use for the Home and Farm; Aztext Press: Tamworth, Australia, 2006.

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Authors
Estevez, R., Aguado-Deblas, L., López-Tenllado, F. J., Luna, C., Calero, J., Romero, A. A., Bautista, F. M., & Luna, D.
Affiliations
  • Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, Ed. Marie Curie, 14014 Cordoba, Spain
  • University of Córdoba (ES)
Corresponding author
Luna, Diego
Venue
Energies
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-04-26
Volume
15
Issue
9
Pages
3173
ISSN
1996-1073 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W4224993394
Cited by
54
References
403
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 1
FWCI
3.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Energies (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Universidad de Córdoba Insitutional Repository (Universidad de Córdoba) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biodiesel Production and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Catalysis and Hydrodesulfurization Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes › Advanced Combustion Engine Technologies
Keywords
advanced biofuels, biodiesel, renewable diesel, vegetable oils, fatty acid methyl esters, transesterification, catalytic cracking, pyrolysis, hydrocracking, dimethyl carbonate, straight vegetable oil, diesel engines, CO2 emission reduction, aviation fuel, energy transition

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