Preserving Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in West African Forest, Watersheds, and Wetlands: A Review of Incentives
Open accessAbstract
While biodiversity and ecosystem services derived from the natural environment are the backbones of West African rural livelihood, unsustainable exploitation of natural resources, conflicts, and climate change threaten the continued provision of ecosystem services. This threat creates an urgent need to safeguard the integrity of the environment. Evaluating the effectiveness of environmental conservation projects is central towards designing and scaling-up successful conservation projects. Using secondary literature and project reports, we reviewed ongoing and completed conservation projects in the West African sub-region. Scientific work on incentives for ecosystem services in sub-Saharan Africa typically focuses on Southern and Eastern Africa, leaving Western Africa underserved. This study fills this literature gap by compiling lessons from conservation projects in West Africa to offer region-specific incentives that should inform the design of conservation projects in the region. The study shows that the way forward is a holistic, sustainable development approach that mirrors and meets strategies outlined in Sustainable Development Goals 1, 2, 5, 8, 13, and 17: No Poverty, End Hunger and Promote Sustainable Agriculture, Gender Equality, Decent Work and Economic Growth, Climate Action, and Partnerships for the Goals, respectively.
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The pygmy hippopotamus is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
“This includes animals listed as Endangered in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, such as the pygmy hippopotamus (Choeropsis liberiensis; Ransom et al. 2015, Ola & Benjamin 2019).”
From Forest loss during 2000–2019 in pygmy hippopotamus (<i>Choeropsis liberiensis</i>) habitats was driven by shifting agriculture (2024) · cites this paper as Ola & Benjamin 2019
Section 3, “West African Wetlands, Watersheds, and Forests” (page not provided), names the pygmy hippopotamus among the most threatened mammalian species. It does not state that the species has the specific IUCN Red List classification of Endangered. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Ola, O., & Benjamin, E.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Ola, Oreoluwa
- Benjamin, Emmanuel
- Venue
- Forests
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-05-31
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 479
- ISSN
- 1999-4907 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2946910675
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 1.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Forests (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Technische Universität München
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Conservation, Biodiversity, and Resource Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Socioeconomics of Resources and Conservation
- Keywords
- biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, conservation incentives, West Africa, forest conservation, watershed management, wetland conservation, rural livelihoods, natural resource exploitation, climate change impacts, Sustainable Development Goals, sustainable development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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