Biomass Gasification as a Scalable, Green Route to Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Synthesis Gas for Materials: A Review
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The high externalized and still partly unknown costs of fossil fuels through air pollution from combustion, and their limited resources have caused mankind to (re)turn to renewable sources such as wind, solar, and biomass to meet its energy needs. Converting biomass to synthesis gas is advantageous since it can utilize a wide variety of (waste) feedstocks to obtain an energetic and versatile product at low cost in large quantities. Gasification is no new technology; yet in recent years, biomass gasification has attracted significant attention. Due to the non-depletable nature of agricultural waste and similar biomass side streams, which have little value and can bring environmental problems when mismanaged such as methane emissions, it is possible to obtain cheap electrical or thermal energy through the gas produced with high efficiencies. Combined heat and power (CHP) is the preferred use case, and recently the focus has moved to polygeneration, e.g., to make value-added products from the synthesis gas. Fischer–Tropsch synthesis from coal-derived syngas is now being complemented by the gas fermentation of biobased synthesis gas, where microorganisms yield materials from CO/H2 (and CO2) in an anaerobic process and from CH4/O2 in an aerobic process. Syngas methanation offers an alternative route to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG, or bio-SNG) as additional feedstock for gas fermentation. Materials made from syngas are decoupled from primary agricultural operations and do not compete with feed and food production. Due to the ample raw material base for gasification, which can basically be all kinds of mostly dry biomass, including waste such as municipal solid waste (MSW), syngas-derived products are highly scalable. Amongst them are bioplastics, biofuels, biobased building blocks, and single-cell protein (SCP) for feed and food. This article reviews the state-of-the-art in biomass gasification with a spotlight on gas fermentation for the sustainable production of high-volume materials.
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Gaseous fuels are typically utilized for energy generation in combined heat and power systems, electricity generation, direct heating, and as fuel for transportation or industrial processes.
“These gaseous fuels are typically utilized for energy generation in applications such as combined heat and power (CHP) systems, electricity generation in power plants, direct heating, and as fuel for transportation or industrial processes [232].”
From Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [232]
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Fluidized Bed Combustion and Gasification of Fossil and Renewable Slurry Fuels
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Determining global trends in syngas fermentation research through a bibliometric analysis
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Biofuels, E-Fuels, and Waste-Derived Fuels: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions
Yılbaşı, Z. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17136145 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
- Authors
- Lackner, M., Fei, Q., Guo, S., Yang, N., Guan, X., & Hu, P.
- Affiliations
- Circe Biotechnologie GmbH (AT)
- Xi'an Jiaotong University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Shanghai GTLB Biotech Co., Ltd., 1688 North Guoquan Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Corresponding author
- Lackner, Maximilian
- Venue
- Fuels
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-10-04
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 625-649
- ISSN
- 2673-3994 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4403128706
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 121
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 3
- FWCI
- 3.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Fuels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- FFG (903872)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Mining and Gasification Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Catalysis › Catalysts for Methane Reforming
- Keywords
- biomass gasification, syngas, combined heat and power, polygeneration, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, gas fermentation, syngas methanation, synthetic natural gas, bioplastics, biofuels, microbial protein, agricultural waste, municipal solid waste
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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