In vitro evaluation of smart and pH-sensitive chondroitin sulfate/sodium polystyrene sulfonate hydrogels for controlled drug delivery
Open accessAbstract
Ibuprofen is an antipyretic and analgesic drug used for the management of different inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. Due to a short half-life and rapid elimination, multiple doses of ibuprofen are required in a day to maintain pharmacological action for a long duration of time. Due to multiple intakes of ibuprofen, certain severe adverse effects, such as gastric irritation, bleeding, ulcers, and abdominal pain are produced. Therefore, a system is needed which not only prolongs the release of ibuprofen but also overcomes the drug's adverse effects. Hence, the authors have synthesized chondroitin sulfate/sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of ibuprofen. Sol-gel, porosity, swelling, and drug release studies were performed on the fabricated hydrogel. The pH-responsive behavior of the fabricated hydrogel was determined by both swelling and drug release studies in three different pH values, i.e., pH 1.2, 4.6, and 7.4. Maximum swelling and drug release were observed at pH 7.4, as compared to pH 4.6 and 1.2. Similarly, the structural arrangement and crosslinking of the hydrogel contents were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evaluated the hard and irregular surface with a few macrospores of the developed hydrogel, which may be correlated with the strong crosslinking of polymers with monomer content. Similarly, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) demonstrated the high thermal stability of the formulated hydrogel, as compared to pure polymers. A decrease in the crystallinity of chondroitin sulfate and sodium polystyrene sulfonate after crosslinking was revealed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). Thus, considering the results, we can demonstrate that a developed polymeric network of hydrogel could be used as a safe, stable, and efficient carrier for the controlled release of ibuprofen.
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Due to the carboxylic and sulphonate functional groups, CS shows increased water uptake capacity.
“Due to the carboxylic and sulphonate functional groups, CS shows increased water uptake capacity (Suhail et al., 2022).”
From pH stimuli-responsive hydrogels from non-cellulosic biopolymers for drug delivery. (2023) · cites this paper as Suhail et al., 2022
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- Authors
- Suhail, M., Chiu, I.-H., Hung, M.-C., Vu, Q. L., Lin, I.-L., & Wu, P.-C.
- Affiliations
- Kaohsiung Medical University (TW)
- Thai Nguyen University of Medicine and Pharmacy (VN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Pao-Chu
- Venue
- Gels
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-06-25
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 406
- ISSN
- 2310-2861 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9323728
- OpenAlex
- W4283456528
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Gels (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Council of Taiwan (MOST 110-2320-B-037-014-MY2)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advanced Drug Delivery Systems
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Polymer-Based Agricultural Enhancements
- Keywords
- chondroitin sulfate, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, poly(acrylic acid), hydrogels, ibuprofen, controlled drug release, pH-responsive drug delivery, swelling behavior, drug release kinetics, radical polymerization, crosslinking, thermal stability, crystallinity, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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