Hydrogels in a historical perspective: From simple networks to smart materials
Abstract
Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in the field of hydrogels as functional biomaterials. Biomedical application of hydrogels was initially hindered by the toxicity of crosslinking agents and limitations of hydrogel formation under physiological conditions. Emerging knowledge in polymer chemistry and increased understanding of biological processes resulted in the design of versatile materials and minimally invasive therapies. Hydrogel matrices comprise a wide range of natural and synthetic polymers held together by a variety of physical or chemical crosslinks. With their capacity to embed pharmaceutical agents in their hydrophilic crosslinked network, hydrogels form promising materials for controlled drug release and tissue engineering. Despite all their beneficial properties, there are still several challenges to overcome for clinical translation. In this review, we provide a historical overview of the developments in hydrogel research from simple networks to smart materials.
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The compactness of hydrogels in aqueous media is maintained by physical cross-linking and chemical cross-linking.
“The compactness of hydrogels in aqueous media is maintained by physical cross-linking (e.g., entanglements, crystallites) and, also, chemical cross-linking [6,7].”
From Review of Stimuli-Responsive Polymers in Drug Delivery and Textile Application (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Buwalda, S. J., Boere, K. W. M., Dijkstra, P. J., Feijen, J., Vermonden, T., & Hennink, W. E.
- Affiliations
- Utrecht University (NL)
- University of Twente (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Buwalda, Sytze J.
- Venue
- Journal of Controlled Release
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-09
- Volume
- 190
- Pages
- 254-273
- ISSN
- 0168-3659 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2118087101
- Cited by
- 994
- References
- 331
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 124 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 109 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 95 · 2018: 79 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 69 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 3.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Controlled Release (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Hydrogels: synthesis, properties, applications
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Collagen: Extraction and Characterization
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Silk-based biomaterials and applications
- Keywords
- hydrogels, crosslinking agents, physical crosslinks, chemical cross-links, natural polymers, synthetic polymers, controlled drug release, tissue engineering, smart materials, biomedical applications, clinical translation
- MeSH terms
- Biocompatible Materials, Delayed-Action Preparations, Drug Carriers, Humans, Polyethylene Glycols, Polyhydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Hydrogels, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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