On Redefining the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire: A Preliminary Test of Multidimensionality
Open accessAbstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the Body Image Satisfaction Questionnaire (BISQ) as a multidimensional instrument, designed to measure individuals’ body image satisfaction. A sample of 790 Portuguese healthy adults (female = 399; male = 391) aged 18 and 49 years old (M = 28.61, SD = 7.97) completed the BISQ. Exploratory factor analysis of the BISQ provided initial psychometric validity for a five-factor model assessing five dimensions of body image, namely, face, upper torso, lower torso, lower body, and overall body appearance. Confirmatory factor analysis supported this five-correlated model, in which a bifactor model provided the best fit to the data, defining a body image satisfaction factor and five specific factors. The BISQ clearly distinguished between various dimensions of body image satisfaction and showed satisfactory psychometric quality through factor analyses. This measure may have a broad application for research and practice, as a tool for capturing individual body image satisfaction.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Body image satisfaction is influenced by social and cultural norms, personal experiences, psychological dispositions, and lifestyle choices.
“This multifaceted phenomenon is influenced by a tapestry of social and cultural norms, personal experiences, psychological dispositions, and lifestyle choices, each playing a distinct role in shaping individuals’ perceptions and feelings about their bodies [112].”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [112]
The Introduction links body image to social and cultural pressures and describes cognitive, affective, and behavioral factors. It also reports associations with self-esteem and healthy eating habits, but does not establish that lifestyle choices or personal experiences influence body image satisfaction in the causal way the citing sentence suggests. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
(2010) · Cited by 7,034 · see citing works
Missing data analysis: making it work in the real world
Graham, J. W. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085530 · Cited by 6,163 · see citing works
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510903008204 · Cited by 2,701 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., Morin, A. J. S., Parker, P. D., & Kaur, G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153700 · Cited by 1,862 · see citing works
What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition
Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2015) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2015.04.001 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., Wen, Z., & Hau, K.-T. (2004) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.9.3.275 · Cited by 1,205 · see citing works
An Overview of Analytic Rotation in Exploratory Factor Analysis
Browne, M. W. (2001) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3601_05 · Cited by 1,145 · see citing works
The Body Appreciation Scale: Development and psychometric evaluation
Avalos, L. C., Tylka, T. L., & Wood-Barcalow, N. L. (2005) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2005.06.002 · Cited by 1,098 · see citing works
Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249 · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Body image across the adult life span: stability and change
Tiggemann, M. (2003) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/s1740-1445(03)00002-0 · Cited by 948 · see citing works
Morin, A. J. S., Arens, A. K., & Marsh, H. W. (2015) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.961800 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Calzo, J. P., Sonneville, K. R., Haines, J., Blood, E., Field, A. E., & Austin, S. B. (2012) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.021 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Body Image, Media, and Eating Disorders
Derenne, J. L., & Beresin, E. V. (2006) · Academic Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ap.30.3.257 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Systematic Review of Body Image Measures
Kling, J., Kwakkenbos, L., Diedrichs, P. C., Rumsey, N., Frisén, A., Brandão, M. P., Silva, A. G., Dooley, B., Rodgers, R. F., & Fitzgerald, A. (2019) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2019.06.006 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling
Morin, A. J. S., Marsh, H. W., & Nagengast, B. (2013) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-62396-246-320251013 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Mäkinen, M., Puukko‐Viertomies, L., Lindberg, N., Siimes, M. A., & Aalberg, V. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-35 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Gender Differences in Body Evaluation: Do Men Show More Self-Serving Double Standards Than Women?
Voges, M. M., Giabbiconi, C., Schöne, B., Waldorf, M., Hartmann, A. S., & Vocks, S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00544 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Attachment Insecurity, Personality, and Body Dissatisfaction in Eating Disorders
Daga, G. A., Gramaglia, C. M., Amianto, F., Marzola, E., & Fassino, S. (2010) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181e4c6f7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Raykov, T., Gabler, S., & Dimitrov, D. M. (2015) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.966369 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Media ideals and early adolescents’ body image: Selective avoidance or selective exposure?
Rousseau, A., & Eggermont, S. (2018) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2018.06.001 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Impact of the Media on Adolescent Body Image
Wiseman, C. V., Sunday, S. R., & Becker, A. E. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2005.02.008 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Magazine influence on body dissatisfaction: Fashion vs. health?
Swiatkowski, P. (2016) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2016.1250702 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Angelova, R. A., & Utermohlen, V. (2013) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2013.05.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lutter, J. M., & Jaffee, L. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Avaliação da perceção corporal em adultos sedentários, ativos e desportistas do distrito do Porto
Forte, P. M., Flores, P., Ferreira, L., Soares, C., Moreira, C. H. S., & Alves, M. E. (2020) · Scientific Repository of Open Access of Portugal (RCAAP) · doi:10.6063/motricidade.19171 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationInfluência da Atividade Física na Perceção da Imagem Corporal
Flores, P., Forte, P. M., Ferreira, L., Soares, C., Moreira, C. H. S., & Alves, E. (2020) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- [14]Cash T. Pruzinsky T. Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice Guilford Press New York City, NY, USA 2002
- [21]Hair J. Black W. Babin B. Anderson R. Multivariate Data Analysis 8th ed. Pearson Educational, Inc. London, UK 2019
- [22]Byrne B. Structural Equation Modeling with Mplus—Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming Routledge London, UK 2011
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Merino, M., Tornero-Aguilera, J. F., Rubio-Zarapuz, A., Villanueva-Tobaldo, C. V., Martín-Rodríguez, A., & Clemente-Suárez, V. J. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12141396 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“Additionally, fostering a supportive and inclusive community environment can help individuals feel valued and accepted regardless of their conformity to prevailing beauty norms [112].”
BackgroundBraun-Trocchio, R., Ray, A., Graham, R., Brandner, C. F., Warfield, E., Renteria, J., & Graybeal, A. J. (2023) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2023.08.009 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Physical Activity, Anxiety, Depression, and Body Image in Trans Individuals: An Exploratory Study
Oliveira, J., Monteiro, D., Jacinto, M., Matos, R. M. N., Amaro, N., Rodrigues, F. F., & Antunes, R. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12101008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationJeslin, & Astina, J. (2023) · Global Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/17579759231182472 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Kondhare, K. D. (2024) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202403.0517.v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Mwangi, F. M., Rintaugu, E. G., Toriola, A. L., Rotich, J., Wilson, M., Tian, X., & Takahashi, K. (2024) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2024.191.05
Berridge, J. L., Austin, A., Clifford, S. N., & Shultz, S. P. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu18010007
- Authors
- Rodrigues, F., Monteiro, D., Flores, P., & Forte, P.
- Affiliations
- Life Quality Research Centre (PT)
- Universidade de Leiria e Oeste (PT)
- Department of Sports, Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences, 4560-708 Penafiel, Portugal
- Universidade Politécnica de Bragança (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Forte, Pedro
- Venue
- Healthcare
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-07-13
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 876
- ISSN
- 2227-9032 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8304315
- OpenAlex
- W3183059914
- Cited by
- 7
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Healthcare (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Douro Higher Institute of Educational Sciences (1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- body satisfaction, bifactor model, psychometric validation, questionnaire development, facial appearance, upper torso, lower body, Portuguese adults
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
