Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures

Rodriguez, Anthony; Reise, Steven P.; Haviland, Mark G.

doi:10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249

Cited by 991Psychometric Methodologies and TestingMental Health Research TopicsPsychological Testing and Assessment

Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures

Rodriguez, Anthony, Reise, Steven P., Haviland, Mark G.·2016·Journal of Personality Assessment

DOI 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to apply a set of rarely reported psychometric indices that, nevertheless, are important to consider when evaluating psychological measures. All can be derived from a standardized loading matrix in a confirmatory bifactor model: omega reliability coefficients, factor determinacy, construct replicability, explained common variance, and percentage of uncontaminated correlations. We calculated these indices and extended the findings of 50 recent bifactor model estimation studies published in psychopathology, personality, and assessment journals. These bifactor derived indices (most not presented in the articles) provided a clearer and more complete picture of the psychometric properties of the assessment instruments. We reached 2 firm conclusions. First, although all measures had been tagged "multidimensional," unit-weighted total scores overwhelmingly reflected variance due to a single latent variable. Second, unit-weighted subscale scores often have ambiguous interpretations because their variance mostly reflects the general, not the specific, trait. Finally, we review the implications of our evaluations and consider the limits of inferences drawn from a bifactor modeling approach.

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Omega is a reliability estimate that does not depend on the assumption of tau equivalence unlike Cronbach's alpha.
“Omega is a reliability estimate that does not depend on the assumption of tau equivalence unlike its classic counterpart Cronbach’s alpha [39].”
From Dimensionality of the system usability scale among professionals using internet-based interventions for depression: a confirmatory factor analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
When PUC is greater than .70 and ECV greater than .70, relative bias will be slight and the common variance can be regarded as essentially unidimensional.
“When PUC is greater than .70 and ECV greater than .70 relative bias will be slight and the common variance can be regarded as essentially unidimensional [39].”
From Dimensionality of the system usability scale among professionals using internet-based interventions for depression: a confirmatory factor analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [39]

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Development and Validation of the Self-Compassion Scale for Youth
Neff, K. D., Bluth, K., Tóth‐Király, I., Davidson, O., Knox, M. C., Williamson, Z. H., & Costigan, A. (2020) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2020.1729774 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
The CSS-12: development and validation of a short-form version of the cyberchondria severity scale
McElroy, E., Kearney, M., Touhey, J., Evans, J., Cooke, Y., & Shevlin, M. (2019) · Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2018.0624 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Decent work in France: Context, conceptualization, and assessment
Vignoli, E., Prudhomme, N., Terriot, K., Cohen‐Scali, V., Arnoux-Nicolas, C., Bernaud, J., & Lallemand, N. (2019) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2019.103345 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Are fit indices used to test psychopathology structure biased? A simulation study
Greene, A. L., Eaton, N. R., Li, K., Forbes, M. K., Krueger, R. F., Markon, K. E., Waldman, I. D., Cicero, D. C., Conway, C. C., Docherty, A. R., et al. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000434 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
On the Complexity of Item Response Theory Models
Bonifay, W. E., & Cai, L. (2017) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2017.1309262 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
A little garbage in, lots of garbage out: Assessing the impact of careless responding in personality survey data
Arias, V. B., Garrido, L. E., Jenaro, C., Martínez‐Molina, A., & Martínez, B. A. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-020-01401-8 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Psychological, psychiatric, and behavioral sciences measurement scales: best practice guidelines for their development and validation
Stefana, A., Damiani, S., Granziol, U., Provenzani, U., Solmi, M., Youngstrom, E. A., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1494261 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Is Burnout a Depressive Condition? A 14-Sample Meta-Analytic and Bifactor Analytic Study
Bianchi, R., Verkuilen, J., Schonfeld, I. S., Hakanen, J., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., García, G. M., Laurent, É., & Meier, L. L. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620979597 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Developmental stability of general and specific factors of psychopathology from early childhood to adolescence: dynamic mutualism or p ‐differentiation?
McElroy, E., Belsky, J., Carragher, N., Fearon, P. R. M., & Patalay, P. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12849 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Selecting the “Best” Factor Structure and Moving Measurement Validation Forward: An Illustration
Schmitt, T. A., Sass, D. A., Chappelle, W. L., & Thompson, W. T. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2018.1449116 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Dimensionality and Reliability of the Central Sensitization Inventory in a Pooled Multicountry Sample
Cuesta‐Vargas, A., Neblett, R., Chiarotto, A., Kregel, J., Nijs, J., van Wilgen, C. P., Pitance, L., Knežević, A., Gatchel, R. J., Mayer, T. G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2017.11.006 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The German version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10): evaluation of dimensionality, validity, and measurement invariance with exploratory and confirmatory bifactor modeling
Reis, D., Lehr, D., Heber, E., & Ebert, D. D. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117715731 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
The central sensitization inventory: A user’s manual
Neblett, R. (2018) · Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research · doi:10.1111/jabr.12123 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Place of the Bifactor Model in Confirmatory Factor Analysis Investigations Into Construct Dimensionality in Language Testing
Dunn, K., & McCray, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01357 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
At what sample size do latent variable correlations stabilize?
Kretzschmar, A., & Gignac, G. E. (2019) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2019.03.007 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Is the PHQ-9 a unidimensional measure of depression? A 58,272-participant study.
Bianchi, R., Verkuilen, J., Toker, S., Schonfeld, I. S., Gerber, M., Brähler, E., & Kroenke, K. (2022) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0001124 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Revisiting the Structure of the Short Dark Triad
Persson, B. N., Kajonius, P., & Garcia, D. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191117701192 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Translation and validation of body image instruments: An addendum to Swami and Barron (2019) in the form of frequently asked questions
Swami, V., Todd, J., & Barron, D. S. (2021) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.03.002 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach
Kofler, M. J., Singh, L. J., Soto, E. F., Chan, E. S. M., Miller, C. E., Harmon, S. L., & Spiegel, J. A. (2020) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000641 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…reliability of the general factor (working memory) and specific factors (phonological and visuospatial short-term memory) by providing estimates of the proportion of variance attributable to sources of common and specific variance, respectively; values >.70 are preferred (Rodriguez et al., 2016b).”
Background
Transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology at first episode psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study
Quattrone, D., Forti, M. D., Gayer-Anderson, C. E., Ferraro, L., Jongsma, H. E., Tripoli, G., Cascia, C. L., Barbera, D. L., Tarricone, I., Berardi, D., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291718002131 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Determinants of financial worry and rumination
de Bruijn, E.-J., & Antonides, G. (2020) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2019.102233 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dimensionality of the system usability scale among professionals using internet-based interventions for depression: a confirmatory factor analysis
Mol, M., van Schaik, A., Dozeman, E., Ruwaard, J., Vis, C., Ebert, D. D., Etzelmueller, A., Mathiasen, K., Moles, B., Mora, T., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02627-8 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Structural validation of the Self-Compassion Scale with a German general population sample
Coroiu, A., Kwakkenbos, L., Moran, C., Thombs, B., Albani, C., Bourkas, S., Zenger, M., Brähler, E., & Körner, A. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190771 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Assessing Callous-Unemotional Traits Using the Total Score from the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits: A Meta-Analysis
Ray, J. V., & Frick, P. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2018.1504297 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Are the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 Suitable for Use in India? A Psychometric Analysis
Man, J. D., Absetz, P., Sathish, T., Desloge, A., Haregu, T., Oldenburg, B. F., Johnson, L. C. M., Thankappan, K. R., & Williams, E. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.676398 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Factor Structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in Adult Outpatients Receiving Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)
Osborne, T. L., Michonski, J., Sayrs, J. H. R., Welch, S., & Anderson, L. K. (2017) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-017-9586-x · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Developing and Validating Clinical Questionnaires
Rosellini, A. J., & Brown, T. A. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115343 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of the Short Sensory Profile in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Williams, Z. J., Failla, M. D., Gotham, K. O., Woynaroski, T. G., & Cascio, C. J. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3678-7 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Exploratory Bifactor Analysis: The Schmid-Leiman Orthogonalization and Jennrich-Bentler Analytic Rotations
Mansolf, M. A., & Reise, S. P. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2016.1215898 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Psychometric properties of the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21) among different Chinese populations: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis
Chen, I., Chen, C., Liao, X.-L., Chen, X.-M., Zheng, X., Tsai, Y., Lin, C., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2023) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.104042 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Daily use of high-potency cannabis is associated with more positive symptoms in first-episode psychosis patients: the EU-GEI case–control study
Quattrone, D., Ferraro, L., Tripoli, G., Cascia, C. L., Quigley, H., Quattrone, A., Jongsma, H. E., del Peschio, S., Gatto, G., EU-GEI group, et al. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000082 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Three recommendations based on a comparison of the reliability and validity of the predominant models used in research on the empirical structure of psychopathology.
Forbes, M. K., Greene, A. L., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Watts, A. L., Hallquist, M. N., Lahey, B. B., Markon, K. E., Patrick, C. J., Tackett, J. L., Waldman, I. D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000533 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Evaluating the psychometric properties of the Social Identity Questionnaire for Sport (SIQS)
Bruner, M. W., & Benson, A. J. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.12.006 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Transcultural Adaptation of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI) for Brazil and Portugal
Sinval, J., Queirós, C. M. L., Pasian, S. R., & Marôco, J. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00338 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The Dimensionality of the 12-Item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12): Comparisons of Factor Structures and Invariance Across Samples and Time
Hystad, S. W., & Johnsen, B. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01300 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Measuring Depression in Autistic Adults: Psychometric Validation of the Beck Depression Inventory–II
Williams, Z. J., Everaert, J., & Gotham, K. O. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120952889 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Evaluating dimensional distinctness with correlated-factor models: Limitations and suggestions
Gignac, G. E., & Kretzschmar, A. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.04.001 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Assessment of fluctuation between grandiose and vulnerable narcissism: Development and initial validation of the FLUX scales.
Oltmanns, J. R., & Widiger, T. A. (2018) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000616 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Building Theories on Top of, and Not Independent of, Statistical Models: The Case of the p-factor
Watts, A. L., Lane, S. P., Bonifay, W. E., Steinley, D., & Meyer, F. A. C. (2020) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2020.1853476 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The Positive Valence Systems Scale: Development and Validation
Khazanov, G. K., Ruscio, A. M., & Forbes, C. N. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119869836 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Depression and intolerance of uncertainty: Relations between uncertainty subfactors and depression dimensions
Saulnier, K. G., Allan, N. P., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2019) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2018.1560583 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A bifactor analysis of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale - Short Form (DERS-SF) in a sample of adolescents and adults
Moreira, H., Gouveia, M. J., & Canavarro, M. C. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00602-5 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
The Factor Structure of the Forms of Self-Criticising/Attacking & Self-Reassuring Scale in Thirteen Distinct Populations
Halamová, J., Kanovský, M., Gilbert, P., Troop, N. A., Zuroff, D. C., Hermanto, N., Petrocchi, N., Sommers‐Spijkerman, M., Kirby, J. N., Shahar, B., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9686-2 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Burnout: Redefining its key symptoms
Tavella, G., Hadži-Pavlović, D., & Parker, G. B. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114023 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Development and evaluation of the Internalized Racism in Asian Americans Scale (IRAAS)
Choi, A. Y., Israel, T., & Maeda, H. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000183 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Investigating the genetic architecture of general and specific psychopathology in adolescence
Jones, H. J., Heron, J., Hammerton, G., Stochl, J., Jones, P. B., Cannon, M., Smith, G. D., Holmans, P., Lewis, G., Linden, D. E. J., et al. (2018) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-018-0204-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic assessment of repetitive negative thinking and responses to positive affect: Structure and predictive utility for depression, anxiety, and mania symptoms
McEvoy, P. M., Hyett, M. P., Ehring, T. W., Johnson, S. L., Samtani, S., Anderson, R., & Moulds, M. L. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.072 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Factor structure models of the SCL-90-R: Replicability across community samples of adolescents
Preti, A., Carta, M. G., & Петретто, Д. Р. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.146 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
What Is the General Factor of Psychopathology? Consistency of the p Factor Across Samples
Levin-Aspenson, H. F., Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2020) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191120954921 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Psychometric Evaluation of the Nine-Item Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire (PIUQ-9) in Nine European Samples of Internet Users
Laconi, S., Urbán, R., Kaliszewska-Czeremska, K., Kuss, D. J., Gnisci, A., Sergi, I., Barke, A., Jeromin, F., Groth, J., Gámez‐Guadix, M., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00136 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
A novel household water insecurity scale: Procedures and psychometric analysis among postpartum women in western Kenya.
Boateng, G. O., Collins, S. M., Mbullo, P., Wekesa, P., Onono, M., Neilands, T. B., & Young, S. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198591 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-compassion as a healthy attitude toward the self: Factorial and construct validity in an Italian sample
Veneziani, C. A., Fuochi, G., & Voci, A. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.028 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Sample Size Requirements for Bifactor Models
Bader, M., Jobst, L. J., & Moshagen, M. (2022) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2021.2019587 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
A five‐sample confirmatory factor analytic study of burnout‐depression overlap
Bianchi, R., Schonfeld, I. S., & Verkuilen, J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22927 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Psychometric validation of a brief self-report measure of misophonia symptoms and functional impairment: The duke-vanderbilt misophonia screening questionnaire
Williams, Z. J., Cascio, C. J., & Woynaroski, T. G. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.897901 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
The factor structure and predictive validity of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) in children and adolescents
Smout, M. (2018) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12376 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Investigation on the Rationality of the Extant Ways of Scoring the Interpersonal Reactivity Index Based on Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Wang, Y., Li, Y., Xiao, W., Fu, Y., & Jie, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01086 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The structure of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale: Theoretical and methodological considerations
Lloyd, M., Sugden, N. A., Thomas, M., McGrath, A., & Skilbeck, C. E. (2023) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12637 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
University student engagement inventory (USEI): Psychometric properties
Sinval, J., Casanova, J. R., Marôco, J. P., & Almeida, L. S. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-0082-6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Factorial Structure and Validity of Depression (PHQ-9) and Anxiety (GAD-7) Scales after Traumatic Brain Injury
Teymoori, A., Gorbunova, A., Haghish, E. F., Real, R. G. L., Zeldovich, M., Wu, Y.-J., Polinder, S., Asendorf, T., Menon, D. K., & von Steinbüchel, N. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9030873 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Is Burnout Primarily Linked to Work-Situated Factors? A Relative Weight Analytic Study
Bianchi, R., García, G. M., & Rolland, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.623912 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Assessment of Fear of COVID-19 in Older Adults: Validation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale
Caycho‐Rodríguez, T., Tomás, J. M., Barboza-Palomino, M., Ventura‐León, J., Gallegos, M., Reyes-Bossio, M. A., & Vilca, L. W. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00438-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Factor structure, internal reliability, and construct validity of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) : A study on persons with serious mental illness living in the community
Sánchez, J., Estrada‐Hernández, N., Booth, J., & Pan, D. (2021) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12336 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Using Genetics to Examine a General Liability to Childhood Psychopathology
Riglin, L., Thapar, A. K., Leppert, B., Martin, J., Richards, A. L., Anney, R., Smith, G. D., Tilling, K. M., Stergiakouli, E., Lahey, B. B., et al. (2019) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-019-09985-4 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
How much do students’ scores in PISA reflect general intelligence and how much do they reflect specific abilities?
Pokropek, A., Marks, G., & Borgonovi, F. (2021) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000687 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Do burnout and depressive symptoms form a single syndrome? Confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modeling bifactor analysis
Bianchi, R. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.109954 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the adapted instrument European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire short-short form
Mialhe, F. L., Moraes, K. L., Bado, F. M. R., Brasil, V. V., Sampaio, H. A. D. C., & Rebustini, F. (2021) · Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1518-8345.4362.3436 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)
Neff, K. D., & Tóth‐Király, I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-77644-2_36-1 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors
Bader, M., Hilbig, B. E., Zettler, I., & Moshagen, M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12785 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Structural validity of the Machiavellian Personality Scale: A bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling approach
Gu, H., Wen, Z., & Fan, X. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2016.09.042 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome
Feliu-Soler, A., Reche-Camba, E., Borràs, X., Pérez-Aranda, A., Andrés-Rodríguez, L., Peñarrubia-María, M. T., Navarro-Gil, M., García-Campayo, J., Bellón, J. A., & Luciano, J. V. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02075 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Reliability and factorial validity of the Canadian Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–Fifth Edition
Watkins, M. W., Dombrowski, S. C., & Canivez, G. L. (2017) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2017.1342580 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Overlapping dimensional phenotypes of impulsivity and compulsivity explain co-occurrence of addictive and related behaviors
Tiego, J., Oostermeijer, S., Prochazkova, L., Parkes, L., Dawson, A., Youssef, G. J., Oldenhof, E., Carter, A., Segrave, R. A., Fontenelle, L. F., et al. (2018) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852918001244 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Influence of Intolerance of Uncertainty on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Chinese-speaking Samples: Structure and Validity of The Chinese Translation of The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale
Yao, N., Qian, M., Jiang, Y., & Elhai, J. D. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2020.1739058 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Misbegotten methodologies and forgotten lessons from Tom Swift’s electric factor analysis machine: A demonstration with competing structural models of psychopathology.
Greene, A. L., Watts, A. L., Forbes, M. K., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., & Eaton, N. R. (2022) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000465 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Cross-Cultural Validation of the Turkish Version of the Decent Work Scale
Işık, E., Kozan, S., & Işık, A. N. (2018) · Journal of Career Assessment · doi:10.1177/1069072718763636 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Item Reduction, Psychometric and Biometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Body Perception Questionnaire—Short Form (BPQ-SF): The BPQ-22
Poli, A., Maremmani, A. G. I., Chiorri, C., Mazzoni, G. P., Orrù, G., Kołacz, J., Porges, S. W., Conversano, C., Gemignani, A., & Miccoli, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073835 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The factor structure of the mental health continuum-short form (MHC-SF) in Serbia: an evaluation using exploratory structural equation modeling
Joshanloo, M., & Jovanović, V. (2016) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2016.1222058 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Construct validity of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale For Children – Fifth UK Edition: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the 16 primary and secondary subtests
Canivez, G. L., Watkins, M. W., & McGill, R. J. (2018) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12230 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A bifactor analysis of the Weight Bias Internalization Scale: What are we really measuring?
Meadows, A., & Higgs, S. (2020) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2020.02.013 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
In search of cross-cultural competence: A comprehensive review of five measurement instruments
Chen, X., & Gabrenya, W. K. (2021) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2021.02.003 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Using the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale With Early Adolescents: Factor Structure, Reliability, Stability, and External Validity
Grygiel, P., Humenny, G., & Rębisz, S. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116682298 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The Value of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling in Identifying Factor Overlap in the Mental Health Continuum-Short Form (MHC-SF): A Study with a New Zealand Sample
Joshanloo, M., Jose, P. E., & Kielpikowski, M. (2016) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-016-9767-4 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Chinese Version of the EPOCH Measure of Adolescent Well-Being: Testing Cross-Cultural Measurement Invariance
Kern, M. L., Zeng, G., Hou, H., & Peng, K. (2018) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282918789561 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Improving the measurement of alexithymia in autistic adults: a psychometric investigation of the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale and generation of a general alexithymia factor score using item response theory
Williams, Z. J., & Gotham, K. O. (2021) · Molecular Autism · doi:10.1186/s13229-021-00463-5 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
A Bifactor Approach to Model Multifaceted Constructs in Statistical Mediation Analysis
González, O., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2016) · Educational and Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/0013164416673689 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

Evaluating Bifactor Models: Calculating and Interpreting Statistical Indices
Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G. (2016) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000045 · Cited by 1,599 · see citing works
Self-citation
Índices estadísticos de modelos bifactor
Universidad de San Martín de Porres, P., Domínguez-Lara, S., & Rodriguez, A. (2017) · Interacciones Revista de Avances en Psicología · doi:10.24016/2017.v3n2.51 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
Evaluating Bifactor Models of Psychopathology Using Model-Based Reliability IndicesPreprint
Constantinou, M., & Fonagy, P. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/6tf7j · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Exploring the mathematical equations and empirical properties for maximal reliability and factor determinacy in bifactor models
Li, S. (2024) · cIRcle (University of British Columbia) · doi:10.14288/1.0445322
Evaluating statistical fit of confirmatory bifactor models: Updated recommendations and a review of current practice.
Li, S., & Savalei, V. (2025) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/met0000730 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Authors: Rodriguez, A., Reise, S. P., & Haviland, M. G.
Affiliations: University of California, Los Angeles (US)
Loma Linda University (US)
Corresponding author: Reise, Steven P.
ORCID: Rodriguez, Anthony
Reise, Steven P.
Haviland, Mark G.
Venue: Journal of Personality Assessment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2015-10-29
Volume: 98
Issue: 3
Pages: 223-237
ISSN: 0022-3891 (ISSN-L)
1532-7752
DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2015.1089249
OpenAlex: W1881923603
Cited by: 990
References: 77
Citations by year: 2026: 105 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 104 · 2023: 134 · 2022: 127 · 2021: 124 · 2020: 102 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 59 · 2017: 49 · 2016: 13
FWCI: 50.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: correction (2015-12-23)
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Keywords: bifactor model, multidimensional measure, personality assessment, psychopathology assessment
MeSH terms: Factor Analysis, Statistical, Humans, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Models, Statistical

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Applying Bifactor Statistical Indices in the Evaluation of Psychological Measures

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