Systematic Review of Body Image Measures
Open accessAbstract
This systematic review synthesizes and critically appraises measurement properties of influential body image measures. Eight measures that met the definition of an assessment of body image (i.e., an individual's cognitive or affective evaluation of their body or appearance with a positive or negative valence), and scored high on systematic expert priority ranking, were included. These measures were: the Body Appreciation Scale (original BAS and BAS-2), the Body Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults, the Body Shape Questionnaire, the Centre for Appearance Research Valence Scale, the Drive for Muscularity Scale, two subscales of the Eating Disorders Examination Questionnaire, one subscale of the Eating Disorder Inventory 3, and two subscales of the Multidimensional Body Relations Questionnaire. Articles assessing these scales' psychometric properties (N = 136) were evaluated for their methodological quality using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. The results supported the majority of measures in terms of reliability and validity; however, suitability varied across populations, and some measurement properties were insufficiently evaluated. The measures are discussed in detail, including recommendations for their future use in research and clinical practice.
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The journey to achieving body image satisfaction is multifaceted and influenced by a confluence of personal, social, and cultural factors.
“The journey to achieving body image satisfaction is multifaceted, influenced by a confluence of personal, social, and cultural factors [107].”
From Body Perceptions and Psychological Well-Being: A Review of the Impact of Social Media and Physical Measurements on Self-Esteem and Mental Health with a Focus on Body Image Satisfaction and Its Relationship with Cultural and Gender Factors (2024) · cites this paper as [107]
Section 1.1 (Body image definition; page not provided) describes body image as multidimensional and body satisfaction as an aspect of evaluating one’s appearance. It does not establish that achieving satisfaction is a journey influenced by personal, social, and cultural factors; section 4.2 discusses cultural contexts in relation to validating measures, not causes of satisfaction. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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- Authors
- Kling, J., Kwakkenbos, L., Diedrichs, P. C., Rumsey, N., Frisén, A., Brandão, M. P., Silva, A. G., Dooley, B., Rodgers, R. F., & Fitzgerald, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of the West of England (GB)
- University of Aveiro (PT)
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kling, Johanna
- ORCID
- Venue
- Body Image
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 30
- Pages
- 170-211
- ISSN
- 1740-1445 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2966039454
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 180
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Body Image (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UWE Research Repository (UWE Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Cooperation in Science and Technology
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- psychometric properties, reliability statistics, validity, Body Appreciation Scale, Body Esteem Scale, Body Shape Questionnaire, Drive for Muscularity Scale, Eating Disorder Inventory-3, COSMIN checklist, measurement instruments
- MeSH terms
- Body Image, Humans, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Reproducibility of Results, Self Report
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