Hydroclimatological Patterns and Limnological Characteristics of Unique Wetland Systems on the Argentine High Andean Plateau
Open accessAbstract
High-elevation wetlands in South America are not well described despite their high sensitivity to human impact and unique biodiversity. We describe the hydroclimatological and limnological characteristics of 21 wetlands on the High Andean Plateau of Argentina, synthesizing information gathered over ten years (2010–2020). We collected physical-chemical, phytoplankton, and zooplankton data and counted flamingos in each wetland. We also conducted an extensive analysis of climatic patterns and hydrological responses since 1985. These wetlands are shallow, with a wide range of salinity (from fresh to brine), mostly alkaline, and are dominated by carbonate and gypsum deposits and sodium-chloride waters. They tend to have high nutrient concentrations. Plankton shows a low species richness and moderate to high dominance of taxa. Flamingos are highly dependent on the presence of Bacillariophyta, which appears to be positively linked to silica and soluble reactive phosphorus availability. Climatic conditions show a strong region-wide increase in average air temperature since the mid-1980s and a decrease in precipitation between 1985–1999 and 2000–2020. These high-elevation wetlands are fundamentally sensitive systems; therefore, having baseline information becomes imperative to understanding the impact of climatic changes and other human perturbations. This work attempts to advance the body of scientific knowledge of these unique wetland systems.
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Localized studies have detected decreases in precipitation over the past 3 decades in the Andean plateau.
“localized studies have detected increases in average air temperature and decreases in precipitation over the past 3 decades (Bennett et al. 2016; Frau et al. 2021)”
From The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development (2022) · cites this paper as Frau et al. 2021
Localized studies have detected increases in average air temperature over the past 3 decades in the Andean plateau.
“localized studies have detected increases in average air temperature and decreases in precipitation over the past 3 decades (Bennett et al. 2016; Frau et al. 2021)”
From The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development (2022) · cites this paper as Frau et al. 2021
Impacts of water extraction from lithium mining are difficult to ascertain in the short term because of historical climate patterns, variable climate conditions, extreme climatic events, and delays in response of environmental variables to complex hydrogeological processes involving distribution and timing of groundwater recharge magnified by long residence times (>100 years), deep water tables (>
“Impacts of water extraction from lithium mining are difficult to ascertain in the short term because of historical climate patterns, variable climate conditions and the occurrence of extreme climatic events (Bennet et al. 2016; Pabón-Caicedo 2020; de la Fuente etal. 2021, Alam and Sepúlveda 2022) and delays in response of environmental variables to complex hydrogeological processes involving the”
From The arid Andean plateau waterscapes and the lithium triangle: flamingos as flagships for conservation of high-altitude wetlands under pressure from mining development (2022) · cites this paper as Frau et al. 2021
The alteration of these ecosystems due to lithium extraction affects biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services, which are linked to both brine and freshwater extraction.
“The alteration of these ecosystems due to lithium extraction affects biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services, which are linked to both brine and freshwater extraction [1,67].”
From The water footprint of lithium extraction technologies: Insights from environmental impact reports in Argentina's salt flats (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
In the Puna region, evaporated water does not return through precipitation as part of the hydrological cycle because extraction rates significantly exceed annual water input from precipitation.
“While it might be assumed that the evaporated water returns through precipitation as part of the hydrological cycle, this does not occur in the Puna region, because extraction rates significantly exceed annual water input from precipitation [1,67].”
From The water footprint of lithium extraction technologies: Insights from environmental impact reports in Argentina's salt flats (2025) · cites this paper as [67]
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Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 119 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Marconi, P., Arengo, F., & Clark, A. (2022) · Wetlands Ecology and Management · doi:10.1007/s11273-022-09872-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationMoran, B. J., Boutt, D. F., McKnight, S. V., Jenckes, J., Munk, L. A., Corkran, D., & Kirshen, A. (2022) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1029/2021ef002555 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“5°C over large parts of the dry Andes since the 1980s (Frau et al., 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe ‘Alterlives’ of Green Extractivism: Lithium Mining and Exhausted Ecologies in the Atacama Desert
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Freshwater inflows to closed basins of the Andean plateau in Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia
Kirshen, A., Moran, B., Munk, L., Russo, A. A., McKnight, S., Jenckes, J., Corkran, D., Bresee, M., & Boutt, D. F. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02130-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationStatus of the zooplankton ecology in freshwater ecosystems from Argentina
Balseiro, E., Modenutti, B. E., Gutiérrez, M. F., Sagrario, M. D. L. Á. G., & Laspoumaderes, C. (2022) · Limnologica · doi:10.1016/j.limno.2022.126011 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
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Díaz Paz, W. F., Seghezzo, L., Salas Barboza, A. G., Escosteguy, M., Arias-Alvarado, P. V., Kruse, E., Hufty, M., & Iribarnegaray, M. A. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42523 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“The existence of freshwater and brine aquifers in each basin depends on a dynamic equilibrium between water inputs by precipitation and infiltration (recharge) and water lost by evaporation and pumping (discharge) [67].”
Distinct Hydrologic Pathways Regulate Perennial Surface Water Dynamics in a Hyperarid Basin
McKnight, S., Boutt, D. F., Munk, L., & Moran, B. (2023) · Water Resources Research · doi:10.1029/2022wr034046 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationTemporal phytoplankton dynamics and environmental variables in four Ethiopian soda lakes
Melese, H., & Debella, H. J. (2024) · ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH · doi:10.1186/s40068-023-00329-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Detection and attribution of climate change impacts in coupled natural-human systems in the Andes
Ochoa‐Sánchez, A., Stone, D. A., Drenkhan, F., Mendoza, D. S. R., Gualán, R., & Huggel, C. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02092-9 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Vignoni, P. A., Jurikova, H., Schröder, B., Tjallingii, R., Córdoba, F. E., Lecomte, K. L., Pinkerneil, S., Grudzinska, I., Schleicher, A. M., Viotto, S., et al. (2023) · Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.gca.2023.11.032 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Contemporary and relic waters strongly decoupled in arid alpine environments
Moran, B., Boutt, D. F., Munk, L., & Fisher, J. (2024) · PLOS Water · doi:10.1371/journal.pwat.0000191 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationDerlindati, E. J., Arengo, F., Michelutti, M. P., Romano, M. C., Sosa, H., Ortiz, E. P., Rocha, O., Jahn, A. E., Chanampa, M. M., & Barberis, I. M. (2024) · Bird Conservation International · doi:10.1017/s0959270924000273 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationVignoni, P. A., Córdoba, F. E., Tjallingii, R., Santamans, C. D., Lupo, L. C., & Brauer, A. (2023) · Geochronology · doi:10.5194/gchron-5-333-2023 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
(2023) · Geochronology · doi:10.5194/gchron-2023-3-rc1
(2023) · Geochronology · doi:10.5194/gchron-2023-3-rc2
Vignoni, P. A. (2023) · Geochronology · doi:10.5194/gchron-2023-3-ac1
Vignoni, P. A. (2023) · Geochronology · doi:10.5194/gchron-2023-3-ac2
Salazar-Torres, A., Pineda, A., & Frau, D. (2025) · Limnology · doi:10.1007/s10201-025-00819-3
Self-citationMelese, H., & Debella, H. J. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25059449
Colla, M. F., Collins, P., & Farı́as, M. E. (2026) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202620241226
Salazar, G., Aguilar, P. S., Dorador, C., Saccò, M., Maya, G., Zadjelovic, V., & Harrod, C. (2026) · Aquatic Conservation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems · doi:10.1002/aqc.70492
- Authors
- Frau, D., Moran, B. J., Arengo, F., Marconi, P., Battauz, Y., Mora, C., Manzo, R., Mayora, G., & Boutt, D. F.
- Affiliations
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- Fundación YUCHAN, Mariano Moreno 1950, Villa San Lorenzo, Salta 4401, Argentina
- Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos (AR)
- Corresponding author
- Frau, Diego
- Moran, Brendan J.
- Venue
- Hydrology
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-03
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 164
- ISSN
- 2306-5338 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3210392670
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Hydrology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Conicet (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- ScholarWorks@UMassAmherst (University of Massachusetts Amherst) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversity
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Peatlands and Wetlands Ecology
- Keywords
- hydroclimatology, limnology, salinity gradient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, flamingos, diatoms, silica, soluble reactive phosphorus, climate change, air temperature increase, precipitation decrease, alkaline water, gypsum deposits, human impact on wetlands
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