Effects of Age, Season, Gender and Urban-Rural Status on Time-Activity: Canadian Human Activity Pattern Survey 2 (CHAPS 2)
Open accessAbstract
Estimation of population exposure is a main component of human health risk assessment for environmental contaminants. Population-level exposure assessments require time-activity pattern distributions in relation to microenvironments where people spend their time. Societal trends may have influenced time-activity patterns since previous Canadian data were collected 15 years ago. The Canadian Human Activity Pattern Survey 2 (CHAPS 2) was a national survey conducted in 2010–2011 to collect time-activity information from Canadians of all ages. Five urban and two rural locations were sampled using telephone surveys. Infants and children, key groups in risk assessment activities, were over-sampled. Survey participants (n = 5,011) provided time-activity information in 24-hour recall diaries and responded to supplemental questionnaires concerning potential exposures to specific pollutants, dwelling characteristics, and socio-economic factors. Results indicated that a majority of the time was spent indoors (88.9%), most of which was indoors at home, with limited time spent outdoors (5.8%) or in a vehicle (5.3%). Season, age, gender and rurality were significant predictors of time activity patterns. Compared to earlier data, adults reported spending more time indoors at home and adolescents reported spending less time outdoors, which could be indicative of broader societal trends. These findings have potentially important implications for assessment of exposure and risk. The CHAPS 2 data also provide much larger sample sizes to allow for improved precision and are more representative of infants, children and rural residents.
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Canadians spend approximately 90% of their time indoors, and indoor air can be 2-5 times worse than outdoor air due to various pollutants.
“Canadians spend approximately 90% of their time indoors [1] where the quality of air can be 2–5 times worse than outdoor air due to various pollutants [2].”
From Prevalence of indoor air pollutants from First Nation homes in North Central British Columbia, Canada (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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- Authors
- Matz, C., Stieb, D., Davis, K., Egyed, M., Rose, A., Chou, B., & Brion, O.
- Affiliations
- Health Canada (CA)
- Malatest & Associates, Ltd., 858 Pandora Ave, Victoria, BC V8W 1P4, Canada
- Corresponding author
- Matz, Carlyn
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2014-02-19
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 2108-2124
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3945588
- OpenAlex
- W2062857997
- Cited by
- 339
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 9.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Health Canada
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- time-activity patterns, human activity patterns, indoor time, outdoor time, urban-rural differences, seasonal variation, age differences, gender differences, infants and children, environmental exposure assessment, human health risk assessment, housing characteristics, socioeconomic factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Canada, Child, Child, Preschool, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Human Activities, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Rural Population, Seasons, Sex Factors, Urban Population, Young Adult
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