The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants
Open accessAbstract
Because human activities impact the timing, location, and degree of pollutant exposure, they play a key role in explaining exposure variation. This fact has motivated the collection of activity pattern data for their specific use in exposure assessments. The largest of these recent efforts is the National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS), a 2-year probability-based telephone survey (n=9386) of exposure-related human activities in the United States (U.S.) sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The primary purpose of NHAPS was to provide comprehensive and current exposure information over broad geographical and temporal scales, particularly for use in probabilistic population exposure models. NHAPS was conducted on a virtually daily basis from late September 1992 through September 1994 by the University of Maryland's Survey Research Center using a computer-assisted telephone interview instrument (CATI) to collect 24-h retrospective diaries and answers to a number of personal and exposure-related questions from each respondent. The resulting diary records contain beginning and ending times for each distinct combination of location and activity occurring on the diary day (i.e., each microenvironment). Between 340 and 1713 respondents of all ages were interviewed in each of the 10 EPA regions across the 48 contiguous states. Interviews were completed in 63% of the households contacted. NHAPS respondents reported spending an average of 87% of their time in enclosed buildings and about 6% of their time in enclosed vehicles. These proportions are fairly constant across the various regions of the U.S. and Canada and for the California population between the late 1980s, when the California Air Resources Board (CARB) sponsored a state-wide activity pattern study, and the mid-1990s, when NHAPS was conducted. However, the number of people exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in California seems to have decreased over the same time period, where exposure is determined by the reported time spent with a smoker. In both California and the entire nation, the most time spent exposed to ETS was reported to take place in residential locations.
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Indoor air quality can be 3-100 times worse than outdoor air due to the concentration of assorted gaseous pollutants.
“Indoor air quality (IAQ) can be 3-100 times worse than the outdoor air, due to the concentration of assorted gaseous pollutants [1,2].”
From A Microalgae Photobioreactor System for Indoor Air Remediation: Empirical Examination of the CO2 Absorption Performance of Spirulina maxima in a NaHCO3-Reduced Medium (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page not provided) says many pollutant exposures occur indoors and stem largely from indoor sources; Supplemental Questions lists activities that may increase exposure to gases and other pollutants. Neither passage compares indoor with outdoor air quality or supports the claimed 3–100-fold difference. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdults in the US spend about 90% of their time indoors.
“Adults in the US, however, spend about 90% of their time indoors [19], making past heat-related health research subject to exposure misclassification if the outdoor temperature values do not represent the indoor exposures.”
From Reduced cognitive function during a heat wave among residents of non-air-conditioned buildings: An observational study of young adults in the summer of 2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- KLEPEIS, N. E., NELSON, W. C., OTT, W. R., ROBINSON, J. P., TSANG, A. M., SWITZER, P., BEHAR, J. V., HERN, S. C., & ENGELMANN, W. H.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Environmental Protection Agency (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- KLEPEIS, NEIL E
- Venue
- Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
- Published
- 2001-07-01
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 231-252
- ISSN
- 1559-0631 (ISSN-L)
- 1559-064X
- OpenAlex
- W2159200188
- Cited by
- 4,803
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 368 · 2025: 436 · 2024: 431 · 2023: 435 · 2022: 429 · 2021: 444 · 2020: 384 · 2019: 347 · 2018: 262 · 2017: 212 · 2016: 160 · 2015: 141 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 127 · 2012: 91
- FWCI
- 14.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.osti.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- University of North Texas Digital Library (University of North Texas) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Electric Power Research Institute
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Air Quality and Health Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Health, Environment, Cognitive Aging
- Social Sciences › Transportation › Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
- Keywords
- human activity patterns, exposure assessment, indoor time, environmental tobacco smoke, residential exposure, computer-assisted telephone interviewing
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Data Collection, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollution, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Population Surveillance, Surveys and Questionnaires, United States, Models, Statistical
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