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Companion Animals and Child/Adolescent Development: A Systematic Review of the Evidence
Open accessAbstract
Childhood and adolescence are important developmental phases which influence health and well-being across the life span. Social relationships are fundamental to child and adolescent development; yet studies have been limited to children’s relationships with other humans. This paper provides an evidence review for the potential associations between pet ownership and emotional; behavioural; cognitive; educational and social developmental outcomes. As the field is in the early stages; a broad set of inclusion criteria was applied. A systematic search of databases and grey literature sources found twenty-two studies meeting selection criteria. The review found evidence for an association between pet ownership and a wide range of emotional health benefits from childhood pet ownership; particularly for self-esteem and loneliness. The findings regarding childhood anxiety and depression were inconclusive. Studies also showed evidence of an association between pet ownership and educational and cognitive benefits; for example, in perspective-taking abilities and intellectual development. Evidence on behavioural development was unclear due to a lack of high quality research. Studies on pet ownership and social development provided evidence for an association with increased social competence; social networks; social interaction and social play behaviour. Overall, pet ownership and the significance of children’s bonds with companion animals have been underexplored; there is a shortage of high quality and longitudinal studies in all outcomes. Prospective studies that control for a wide range of confounders are required.
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“Finally, a wide range of emotional health benefits from childhood pet ownership has been identified, particularly for those suffering from low self-esteem and loneliness.”
From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
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“There is evidence of an association between pet ownership and educational and cognitive benefits, increased social competence, social networks, social interaction, and social play behavior [43,44].”
From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [44]
In the citing paper
“The central role of animals in fostering and maintaining an individual’s self-esteem and sense of identity has also been documented in studies on normal human–animal relationships and are one of the psychologically positive effects of the human–animal bond [71,301,302].”
From The Complexity of the Human–Animal Bond: Empathy, Attachment and Anthropomorphism in Human–Animal Relationships and Animal Hoarding (2022) · cites this paper as [302]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Purewal, R., Christley, R., Kordas, K., Joinson, C., Meints, K., Gee, N., & Westgarth, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University of Lincoln (GB)
- State University of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Purewal, Rebecca
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-02-27
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 234
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5369070
- OpenAlex
- W2594712267
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 2.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Therapy and Development
- Keywords
- pet ownership, companion animals, child development, adolescent development, emotional well-being, self-esteem, loneliness, anxiety, depression, perspective taking, intellectual development, social competence, social networks, social interaction, social play
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Animals, Anxiety, Child, Child Development, Depression, Humans, Loneliness, Mental Health, Self Concept, Adolescent Development, Pets
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