Waste Mismanagement in Developing Countries: A Review of Global Issues
Open accessAbstract
Environmental contamination due to solid waste mismanagement is a global issue. Open dumping and open burning are the main implemented waste treatment and final disposal systems, mainly visible in low-income countries. This paper reviews the main impacts due to waste mismanagement in developing countries, focusing on environmental contamination and social issues. The activity of the informal sector in developing cities was also reviewed, focusing on the main health risks due to waste scavenging. Results reported that the environmental impacts are pervasive worldwide: marine litter, air, soil and water contamination, and the direct interaction of waste pickers with hazardous waste are the most important issues. Many reviews were published in the scientific literature about specific waste streams, in order to quantify its effect on the environment. This narrative literature review assessed global issues due to different waste fractions showing how several sources of pollution are affecting the environment, population health, and sustainable development. The results and case studies presented can be of reference for scholars and stakeholders for quantifying the comprehensive impacts and for planning integrated solid waste collection and treatment systems, for improving sustainability at a global level.
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Informal recycling practices often occur under hazardous conditions that expose workers to health risks from toxins and pollutants.
“Despite their economic and environmental benefits, informal recycling practices often occur under hazardous conditions that expose workers to health risks from toxins and pollutants 76 .”
From Complexities of the global plastics supply chain revealed in a trade-linked material flow analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [76]
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- Authors
- Ferronato, N., & Torretta, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Insubria (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Ferronato, Navarro
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-03-24
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1060
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6466021
- OpenAlex
- W2923879367
- Cited by
- 2,293
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 252 · 2025: 359 · 2024: 395 · 2023: 371 · 2022: 410 · 2021: 337 · 2020: 151 · 2019: 17
- FWCI
- 16.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- IrInSubria (University of Insubria) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- The Rotary International (GG1758711)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Municipal Solid Waste Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Healthcare and Environmental Waste Management
- Keywords
- developing countries, open dumping, open burning, informal waste sector, waste pickers, health risks, marine litter, air pollution, soil contamination, water pollution, hazardous waste, waste fractions, sustainable development
- MeSH terms
- Informal Sector, Developing Countries, Environmental Pollution, Hazardous Waste, Humans, Waste Management, Internationality, Recycling, Solid Waste
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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