Geographic inequalities in accessing improved water and sanitation facilities in Nepal
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In this study, we aimed to assess the geographic inequalities in access to improved water and sanitation facilities among Nepalese households. We conducted this study based on cross-sectional data obtained from Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. The quality of water sources and sanitation were defined by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The geographic categories used in the analyses included developmental region, ecological zone, and urbanicity. Percentages of households having access to improved toilet (5.6% in 1996 vs. 40.5% in 2016) and water (19.3% in 1996 vs. 27% in 2016) facilities has been increasing steadily since 1996 with a great proportion of the households still lacking access to these services. The number of households sharing the same toilet and traveling time to reach water sources have also decreased at the same time. Households in Far Western and Mountains had the lowest odds of having access to improved toilet and water facilities. Noticeable progress has been achieved in improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) coverage at national level, however, it is uneven across developmental and ecological zones. Households in the Far Western and Mountain regions appeared to be the most geographically disadvantaged in terms of having access to improved water and sanitation facilities.
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In Ghana, availability and access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation depend on several factors, including geographical location.
“in Ghana, availability and access to safe drinking water and proper sanitation depend on several factors, including geographical location.”
From Demographic disparities in unimproved drinking water and sanitation in Ghana: a nationally representative cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
The Introduction and Conclusions report that geographic location is associated with access to improved water and sanitation facilities in Nepal. The paper does not establish that this relationship holds in Ghana; the Ghana mention found in our copy is only in a reference title. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- Authors
- Wang, C., Pan, J., Yaya, S., Yadav, R. B., & Yao, D.
- Affiliations
- China University of Mining and Technology (CN)
- Université de Parakou (BJ)
- Social Research Development Centre, Janakpur 03, Nepal
- Hunan University of Finance and Economics (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Yao, Dechao
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-04-09
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1269
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6479325
- OpenAlex
- W2939101385
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 3.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (71974168)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Child Nutrition and Water Access
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resource Management and Quality
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Public Health and Environmental Issues
- Keywords
- regional disparities, improved water access, improved sanitation, household toilets, water sources, ecoregions, urban-rural disparities, mountainous terrain, Nepal, shared toilets
- MeSH terms
- Cross-Sectional Studies, Demography, Geography, Humans, Nepal, Sanitation, Socioeconomic Factors, Toilet Facilities, Water Supply
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