The DOI matches its Crossref record; 185 of the 186 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Key Risk Factors Affecting Farmers’ Mental Health: A Systematic Review
Open accessAbstract
Recently, concern has increased globally over farmers’ mental health issues. We present a systematic review of the outcomes, locations, study designs, and methods of current studies on farmers’ mental health. In particular, this review aims to fill an important gap in understanding of the potential key risk factors affecting farmers’ mental health around the world. 167 articles on farmer mental health were included in a final systematic review using a standardized electronic literature search strategy and PRISMA guidelines. The four most-cited influences on farmers’ mental health in the reviewed literature respectively were pesticide exposure, financial difficulties, climate variabilities/drought, and poor physical health/past injuries. The majority of studies were from developed countries, most specifically from the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom. Comparative studies on the mental health of farmers and other occupational workers showed mixed results, with a larger portion identifying that psychological health disturbances were more common in farmers and farm-workers. Knowledge of farmer psychological disorder risk factors and its impacts are essential for reducing the burden of mental illness. Further research will be required on climate change impacts, developing country farmers’ mental health, and information on how to reduce help-seeking barriers amongst farmers.
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“Low-threshold and remotely delivered preventive interventions, like telephone coaching, are warranted for farmers who experience multiple risk factors for depression, live in underserved areas, and show low help-seeking behavior.”
From How to promote usage of telehealth interventions for farmers' mental health? A qualitative study on supporting and hindering aspects for acceptance and satisfaction with a personalized telephone coaching for depression prevention (2023) · cites this paper as Daghagh Yazd et al., 2019
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“Recent systematic reviews indicate that farmers are at particular risk of mental health disorders [1, 2].”
From Improving the mental health of farmers: what types of remote support are acceptable, feasible, and improve outcomes? A feasibility RCT (2024) · cites this paper as [1]
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Citations
Cites
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & for the PRISMA Group (2009) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.b2535 · Cited by 83,823
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA Statement.
(2009) · PubMed Central · Cited by 44,859
Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & the PRISMA Group* (2009) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135 · Cited by 37,554
Increasing drought under global warming in observations and models
Dai, A. (2013) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/nclimate1633 · Cited by 4,762 · cited 1×
“It is predicted that severe and widespread droughts will increase in the future [137].”
BackgroundSolastalgia: The Distress Caused by Environmental Change
Albrecht, G., Sartore, G.-M., Connor, L., Higginbotham, N., Freeman, S., Kelly, B., Stain, H., Tonna, A., & Pollard, G. (2007) · Australasian Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10398560701701288 · Cited by 1,369 · cited 2×
“Brief Symptom Inventory Scale [60]/15-item impact of Event Scale [61]/19 item Inventory Scale [62]/48 item Stress Scale [31]/Depression-Anxiety-Stress Scale [63]/Geriatric Depression Screening Scale [64]/Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale [65]/Farming Family Stressor scale [7]/Beck Depression Scale (BDS) [66]/12-item S…”
BackgroundMethodMental Illness Stigma, Help Seeking, and Public Health Programs
Henderson, C., Evans-Lacko, S., & Thornicroft, G. (2013) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2012.301056 · Cited by 959 · cited 1×
“Formal help-seeking for mental health problems requires that individuals first be able to recognise that a mental health problem exists, and secondly to believe that seeking some help may be beneficial for solving their problem [192].”
BackgroundThe case for systems thinking about climate change and mental health
Berry, H. L., Waite, T. D., Dear, K. B. G., Capon, A. G., & Murray, V. (2018) · Nature Climate Change · doi:10.1038/s41558-018-0102-4 · Cited by 485 · cited 1×
“[149] argued that the mental health effects of climate change has received little attention in research and policy and needs greater systems thinking.”
BackgroundFarming and Mental Health Problems and Mental Illness
Fraser, C. E., Smith, K. B., Judd, F. K., Humphreys, J. S., Fragar, L., & Henderson, A. J. (2005) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764005060844 · Cited by 379 · cited 3×
“This may be a result of women undertaking additional on-farm work because of a reduction in farm paid labour [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialHelp‐seeking behaviour: A concept analysis
Cornally, N., & McCarthy, G. (2011) · International Journal of Nursing Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1440-172x.2011.01936.x · Cited by 358 · cited 1×
“Help-seeking is an active search for a relief or cure to fulfil a need and is a complex decision-making process especially for persons suffering from mental disorders [187].”
BackgroundChronic neurological sequelae to organophosphate pesticide poisoning.
Steenland, K., Jenkins, B., AMES, R. G., O'Malley, M. S., CHRISLIP, D. W., & Russo, J. (1994) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.84.5.731 · Cited by 312
Research works printed but not linked: 5
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- Williams, 2001, The ongoing farm crisis: Health, mental health and safety issues in Wisconsin, Rural Ment. Health, 26, 15
- Beseler, C. (2005). Diagnosed Depression and Low, Intermediate, and High Pesticide Exposures in Iowa and North Carolina Farm Applicators and Their Spouses Enrolled in the Agricultural Health Study. [Ph.D. Thesis, Colorado State University].
- Welke, C. (2004). Farm/Ranch Stressors and the Distress and Job Satisfaction of Farm Family Members: The Buffering Effects of Perceived Social Support. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Dakota].
- Berry, H.L., Kelly, B.J., Hanigan, I.C., Coates, J.H., McMichael, A.J., Welsh, J.A., and Kjellstrom, T. (2008). Rural mental health impacts of climate change. Commissioned Report for the Garnaut Climate Change Review, The Australian National University.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Santo, R. E., Kim, B. F., Goldman, S. E., Dutkiewicz, J., Biehl, E., Bloem, M. W., Neff, R., & Nachman, K. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2020.00134 · Cited by 367
Regenerative agriculture—agroecology without politics?
Tittonell, P. A., Mujtar, V. A. E., Félix, G. F., Kebede, Y., Laborda, L., Soto, R. L., & de Vente, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.3389/fsufs.2022.844261 · Cited by 197
The effects of climate change on mental health
Walinski, A., Sander, J., Gerlinger, G., Clemens, V., Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Heinz, A. (2023) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0403 · Cited by 154
Increased labor losses and decreased adaptation potential in a warmer world
Parsons, L. A., Shindell, D., Tigchelaar, M., Zhang, Y., & Spector, J. T. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27328-y · Cited by 126
Farmer Mental Health Interventions: A Systematic Review
Younker, T., & Radunovich, H. L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010244 · Cited by 115
Metadata
- Authors
- Daghagh Yazd, S., Wheeler, S. A., & Zuo, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Global Food and Resources, Faculty of Professions, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- The University of Adelaide (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wheeler, Sarah Ann
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-12-02
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 4849
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6926562
- OpenAlex
- W2990842690
- Cited by
- 393
- References
- 186
- Citations by year
- 2026: 58 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 51 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 20
- FWCI
- 2.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (FT140100773)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Agriculture and Farm Safety
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Keywords
- farmer mental health, risk factors, pesticide exposure, financial hardship, climate variability, drought, physical health, occupational injuries, farm workers, mental illness, help-seeking barriers, climate change impacts
- MeSH terms
- Farmers, Adult, Agriculture, Mental Disorders, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Stress, Psychological
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