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Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Compliance with Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter
Open accessAbstract
Effective management of the global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (also known as COVID-19), resulted in the implementation of severe restrictions in movement and enforcement of social distancing measures. This study aimed to understand and characterize the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population and to identify risks and protective factors that predict changes in mental health status. In addition, the study investigated compliance with precautionary measures (PM) to halt the spread of the virus. The online anonymous survey collected information on sociodemographic data, compliance with PM, quality of life (QOL), and mental health via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A total of 1642 adult participants (71.6% women, 28.4% men) completed the survey in the European island country, Cyprus. A large percentage (48%) reported significant financial concerns and 66.7% significant changes in their QOL. About 41% reported symptoms associated with mild anxiety; 23.1% reported moderate-severe anxiety symptoms. Concerning depression, 48% reported mild and 9.2% moderate-severe depression symptoms. Women, younger age (18–29), student status, unemployment status, prior psychiatric history, and those reporting greater negative impact on their QOL, were at higher risk for increased anxiety and depression symptoms (p < 0.05). The youngest age group and males also reported lower levels of compliance with PM. Higher compliance with PM predicted lower depression scores (p < 0.001) but higher anxiety for measures related to personal hygiene. The results of this study provide important data on the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and QOL and identify a variety of personal and social determinants that serve as risks and protective factors. Furthermore, it has implications for policy makers demonstrating the need for effective mental health programs and guidance for the implementation of PM as a public health strategy.
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“The levels of clinically significant anxiety and depression observed in this sample of healthcare professionals are higher than those reported in the general Cypriot population (23.1% and 9.2%, respectively) during the COVID‐19 pandemic (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
From Beyond the physical risk: Psychosocial impact and coping in healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic. (2025) · cites this paper as Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020
In the citing paper
“and data about the COVID-19 pandemic have echoed these findings.16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Previous studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have already highlighted that women and younger adults had higher levels of anxiety and depression than men and older adults,4, 17, 18 but our data show that these groups have also had faster improvements in their symptoms.”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, there has been some indication that pre-existing psychiatric conditions are a risk factor for poorer mental health outcomes,22 which has also been echoed by data from the COVID-19 pandemic.16, 17”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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Citations
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“The study findings expand our limited knowledge about the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic [16,17] and raise significant concerns regarding potential lingering effects of these immediate”
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Items 201–300 of 589
Psychological Effects of Social Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020
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Deznabi, I., Motahar, T., Sarvghad, A., Fiterau, M., & Mahyar, N. (2020) · Digital Government Research and Practice · doi:10.1145/3436731 · Cited by 13
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BackgroundDeveloping an Evaluation Model for Monitoring Country-Based Tourism Competitiveness
Liu, Y.-L., Ko, P.-F., & Chiang, J.-T. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211047559 · Cited by 15
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MethodFinancial Factors and Psychological Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
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Determinants of Anxiety in the General Latvian Population During the COVID-19 State of Emergency
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“This could be associated with lower compliance with preventive measures (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020), higher frequency of risky behaviors and higher prevalence of contagion in men (Shi et al., 2020).”
COVID-19 Vaccination and Mental Health Outcomes among Greek Adults in 2021: Preliminary Evidence
Souliotis, K. N., Peppou, L. Ε., Giannouchos, T. V., Samara, M. T., Sifaki-Pistolla, D. I., Economou, M. P., & Maltezou, H. C. (2022) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines10081371 · Cited by 12
“Fully vaccinated participants displayed the lowest levels of stress, anxiety, and depression, in line with evidence suggesting that adherence to precautionary measures alleviates mental health symptoms [8,21].”
ResultFu, Q., Ge, J., Xu, Y., Liang, X., Yu, Y., Shen, S., Ma, Y., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1061486 · Cited by 12
Cochlear Implant Outcomes in Elderly Recipients During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Knickerbocker, A., Bourn, S., Goldstein, M. R., & Jacob, A. (2021) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000003291 · Cited by 12
“1% reporting moderate to severe anxiety and nearly 10% reporting moderate to severe depression (7).”
BackgroundGarcía, B. A., Lema, E. R., & Rey, R. R. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11112999 · Cited by 12
“This has been also addressed by other research teams [2,3].”
Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., Павлова, Ю., & Chilicka, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11164726 · Cited by 15
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“…of depression, stress, and anxiety, as has been documented elsewhere during the pandemic (e.g., Kolakowsky-Hayner et al. 2021; Pierce et al. 2020; Solomou & Constantinidou 2020), but also more generally, as consistent epidemiological markers of mental health inequalities (Boyd et al. 2015; Hasin…”
Physical Activity Reduces Depression among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jordan
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de Gennaro, D., & Piscopo, G. (2023) · Culture and Organization · doi:10.1080/14759551.2023.2176501 · Cited by 10
“Solnit’s article tells of a remarkable case of mansplaining suffered by the author: during a conversation with a fellow writer, she found herself interrupted several times and finally advised to read an essay about a certain topic – an essay that she herself had written (Solnit 2014).”
BackgroundThe Health Impacts and Life Challenges Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hong Kong Chinese Women
Hung, M. S. Y., Chan, L. C. K., & Liu, S. P. S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095115 · Cited by 10
“Evidence has shown a positive correlation between fear of COVID-19 and changes in public health behavior, as greater fear enhances citizens’ compliance with public health behaviors, such as maintaining social distancing, mask-wearing, and hygiene practices [10,41,42].”
BackgroundI hate you when I am anxious: Anxiety during the COVID‐19 epidemic and ideological hostility
Balmas, M., Harel, T. O., & Halperin, E. (2022) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12914 · Cited by 11
“Younger adults, people with higher education, and people with lower levels of income reported higher anxiety levels than their counterparts with the opposite characteristics (e.g., Lee et al., 2020a; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundPsychological impact of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak on the staff of a French hospital
Flateau, C., Noël, C., Bonnafoux, A., Fuentes, E. R., de Pontfarcy, A., & Diamantis, S. (2021) · Infectious Diseases Now · doi:10.1016/j.idnow.2021.01.007 · Cited by 10
Tassara, I. G., Okabayashi, N. Y. T., Casaca, M. C. G., & Veronez, F. D. S. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Health Review · doi:10.34119/bjhrv4n1-112 · Cited by 10
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Jojoa, M., García-Zapirain, B., Gonzalez, M. J., Perez-Villa, B., Urizar, E., Ponce, S., & Blandón, M. F. T. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095705 · Cited by 10
“This sentiment is aligned with the literature, in which some recent studies have reported that family income stability, living with parents, and overall social support were protective factors against anxiety [29].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMariani, R., Alessia, R., Michela, D. T., Trabucchi, G., Danskin, K., & Tambelli, R. (2021) · Vide Leaf, Hyderabad eBooks · doi:10.37247/papsy.1.2021.18 · Cited by 11
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Determinants of compliance to the facemask directive in Greece: A population study
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“Moreover, young age and male gender were associated with reduced compliance [34].”
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“In order to maximize the chance of finding such differences, we limited data collection to the youngest and oldest age categories applied in previous studies (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
MethodResultInfluentialThe impact of COVID-19 lockdown on men having sex with men (MSM)
Levy, I., Michael, S., Olmer, L., Gofen, R., Davidson, O., Zucker, R., & Wagner-Kolasko, G. (2022) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2022.2049197 · Cited by 9
“As to the finding of the association between depression and noncompliance to restrictions, it was supported by other studies from Israel (Shilo & Mor, 2020) and Cyprus (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
ResultAn examination and extension of the Peltzman effect during the Covid-19 pandemic
Henk, K., Rosing, F., Wolff, F., Frenzel, S. B., van Dick, R., Erkens, V. A., Häusser, J. A., Mojzisch, A., & Boer, D. (2023) · Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100091 · Cited by 11
Kvarstein, E. H., Zahl, K., Stänicke, L. I., Pettersen, M. S., Baltzersen, Å.-L., Johansen, M. S., Eikenæs, I. U.-M., Hummelen, B., Wilberg, T., Arnevik, E. A., et al. (2021) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2021.1942980 · Cited by 9
“anxiety) [7], Cyprus (23% anxiety) [3], Hong Kong (19% depression, 14% anxiety) [8], and China (18% depression) [9].”
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Pfeifer, M. R. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su131810055 · Cited by 10
“Several research studies further found past health issues of an individual or of a family member promoted DAS [71–73], with a further boost during government-ordered social isolation [74].”
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“According to Solomou and Constantinidou (2020), during a pandemic, female gender is a predisposing factor for the development of depressive and anxiety symptoms, so women should be the first to receive help [22].”
BackgroundWELL-BEING AND PANDEMIC LOCKDOWN: THE ROLE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, SELF-COMPASSION AND RUMINATION
Martskvishvili, K., & Lagidze, N. (2022) · Psychological Thought · doi:10.37708/psyct.v15i1.623 · Cited by 11
“For instance, according to the latest studies, COVID-19 has a significant effect on the quality of life (Panayiotou et al., 2021; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundPugliese, E., Mosca, O., Paolini, D., Mancini, F., Puntonieri, D., & Maricchiolo, F. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03374-7 · Cited by 11
Anyone but Me: Unrealistic Optimism, Emotions and Anxiety in the Face of COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Other studies, however, reported that the youngest groups were the ones most concerned about the pandemic and reported most symptoms of distress and anxiety [5,14,50,52].”
ResultTeaching professional skills during the pandemic: Does delivery mode matter?
DeArmond, S. E., Rau, B. L., Buelow-Fischer, J., Desai, A. B., & Miller, A. J. (2023) · The International Journal of Management Education · doi:10.1016/j.ijme.2023.100770 · Cited by 12
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“Solomou and Constantinidou 41 (n = 1,642; quality = low) examined the Cypriot population residing in Cyprus and abroad (i.e., in North America, Europe, and Greece) and did not fi nd an association between COVID-related job loss and depression, anxiety, or loneliness.”
Xie, H., Huang, X., Zhang, Q., Wei, Y., Zeng, X., Chang, F., & Shu-yin, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.839852 · Cited by 9
“Participants with a graduate educational level had less anxiety than those with a college educational background, according to a study conducted in Cyprus which found that bachelor-level students had higher anxiety and depression scores compared to PhD students during the pandemic (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
Resultda Conceição, V., Rothes, I., Gusmão, R. M., & Barros, H. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.02.23.21252284 · Cited by 9
“We expected the increase in differences observed between anxiety symptomatology in females and males since females tend to be more vulnerable to mental illness (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialAmoako, E. K., Nubuor, S. A., Suleman, A.-R., Bawa, A. A., & Akwetey-Siaw, B. (2023) · Kybernetes · doi:10.1108/k-06-2023-1067 · Cited by 8
Ciski, M., & Rząsa, K. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20105875 · Cited by 10
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“This finding suggests that the majority of Chinese college students had depression, and it is in agreement with other studies, in which almost half of the youth aged 18–29 years old reported depression during the pandemic [21].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNapiórkowska-Baran, K., Rosada, T., Więsik–Szewczyk, E., Ziętkiewicz, M., Matyja‐Bednarczyk, A., Baranowska, K., Alska, E., Tykwińska, M., Szynkiewicz, E., Zacniewski, R., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1177/20587384211044344 · Cited by 8
“The results of our research indicate more severe anxiety and stress related to the pandemic in women with PID, which is consistent with the results of studies in the general population.(8) Based on the analyses available in the literature thus far, in the population of patients with chronic diseases, a higher level of…”
ResultHu, Y.-L., Roberts, A., Ching, G. S., & Chao, P.-C. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042409 · Cited by 8
“For example, it has long been established that depression is highly dependent on the individual’s age and gender [27,28].”
BackgroundResultCirimele, F., Pastorelli, C., Favini, A., Remondi, C., Zuffianò, A., Basili, E., Thartori, E., Gerbino, M., & Gregori, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.805740 · Cited by 8
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The role of covid‐19 anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in predicting resilience
Duru, Y. B., Gunal, V., Agaoglu, C. Y., & Tatlı, C. E. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12820 · Cited by 10
How can governments generate compliance in times of crisis? A review of the COVID-19 pandemic
Daoust, J. (2023) · French Politics · doi:10.1057/s41253-023-00206-3 · Cited by 8
“(2020), Solomou and Constantinidou (2020) suggested that women’s levels of compliance was higher, although they were confined to a few case studies.”
BackgroundAnxio-depressive disorders in a pandemic context: A comparative analysis: year 2019 versus 2020
Droahnă, A. R., Moroianu, L.-A., Pietroșel, V.-A., Bica, C. I., Salmen, T., Curis, C., Merlo, E. M., Stoica, R. A., & Moroianu, M. (2023) · Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences · doi:10.22543/2392-7674.1392 · Cited by 10
“Given the impressive impact of these manifestations, it can be considered that anxiety-depressive disorders represent a health problem of global importance [12-14] which requires prompt approach and which cannot be neglected no matter how mild the symptomatology may seem.”
BackgroundMalak, M. Z., & Khalifeh, A. H. (2023) · Experimental Aging Research · doi:10.1080/0361073x.2023.2286873 · Cited by 8
Propriedades psicométricas da GAD-7 no Brasil
Silva, L. D. S., Leite, M. D. F., Feitosa, A. L. B., & Faro, A. (2023) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2023.1.39902 · Cited by 10
Bjerke, I. E., Carey, H., Bjaalie, J. G., Leergaard, T. B., & Kim, J. H. (2024) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105899 · Cited by 7
Indonesian students’ religiousness, comfort, and anger toward God during the COVID-19 pandemic
Aditya, Y., Martoyo, I., Nurcahyo, F. A., Ariela, J., Amir, Y., & Pramono, R. (2022) · Archive for the Psychology of Religion · doi:10.1177/00846724221084917 · Cited by 10
“Studies conducted in several countries have already shown that COVID-19 may cause stress, anxiety, and depression (Cortés-Álvarez et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundPengpid, S., Peltzer, K., Sathirapanya, C., Thitichai, P., Villela, E. F. D. M., Zanuzzi, T. R. L., Bandeira, F. D. A., Bono, S. A., Siau, C. S., Chen, W. S., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Public Health · doi:10.3389/ijph.2022.1604398 · Cited by 7
Level of Depression during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland—A Cross-Sectional Study
Zalewska, A., Gałczyk, M., & Damme-Ostapowicz, K. V. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10061123 · Cited by 7
Malandain, L., Fountoulakis, K. Ν., Syunyakov, T., Malashonkova, E., Smirnova, D. A., & Thibaut, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.958988 · Cited by 10
Mental health of the Slovak population during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional survey
Kralova, M., Bražinová, A., Sivcova, V., & Izáková, Ľ. (2022) · World Journal of Clinical Cases · doi:10.12998/wjcc.v10.i25.8880 · Cited by 8
Duru, H. A., Yılmaz, M., Yaman, Z., Boğahan, M., & Yılmaz, M. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221148628 · Cited by 8
“In the study conducted by Solomou and Constantinidou (2020) to determine the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general population, women, young individuals, students, unemployed, those with a psychiatric history and those who report more negative effects on their quality of life…”
BackgroundAttitudes and Feelings Among Married Mothers and Single Mothers by Choice During the Covid-19 Crisis
Shamir, M., & Balderman, O. S. (2023) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x231155661 · Cited by 7
“Many studies suggested an association between age and SA both in routine states (e.g., Gojowy et al., 2011) and during the Covid-19 crisis (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 infodemic and Indonesian emotional and mental health state
Syakurah, R. A., Linardi, V., & Bonita, I. (2021) · International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS) · doi:10.11591/ijphs.v10i4.20964 · Cited by 7
“From the past 2 pandemics that were also caused by the coronavirus, many studies that investigated the psychological impact on the non-infected community revealed significant psychiatric morbidities which were found to be associated with younger age and increased self-blame [12].”
BackgroundMental health during the first wave of COVID-19 in Canada, the USA, Brazil and Italy
Turna, J., Patterson, B. A., Bergmann, C. G., Lamberti, N., Rahat, M., Dwyer, H., Francisco, A. P., Vismara, M. E. M., Dell’Osso, B. M., Sideris, B., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1080/13651501.2021.1956544 · Cited by 7
Mental health impact of COVID ‐19 pandemic on therapists at an inpatient rehabilitation facility
Jow, S., Doshi, S., Desale, S. Y., & Malmut, L. (2022) · PM&R · doi:10.1002/pmrj.12860 · Cited by 8
“Women are at higher risk for developing depression and anxiety, and gender patterns in the distribution of symptoms were maintained during the pandemic.(32) This study focused on work stressors and did not account for personal variables that may have affected therapists’ psychological well-being during this period.”
BackgroundInfluentialAtary, M., & Abu-Rmeileh, N. M. E. (2023) · Conflict and Health · doi:10.1186/s13031-023-00509-w · Cited by 7
“These were more prominent in the younger people than the adult [19, 20].”
BackgroundSoomägi, A., Meister, T., Vorobjov, S., Suija, K., Kalda, R., & Uusküla, A. (2023) · European Journal of General Practice · doi:10.1080/13814788.2023.2195163 · Cited by 7
Hadjicharalambous, D., Demetriou, L., & Erotocritou, K. (2021) · JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH · doi:10.24297/jssr.v17i.9112 · Cited by 7
“…to other studies, female students reported significantly higher stress levels compared to male students (Wang, et. al., 2020; Zhang, et. al., 2020; Rogowska, et. al., 2020; Qiu, et. al., 2020; Stanton, et. al., 2020; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Fujiwara,et. al., 2020; Sallam, et. al., 2020).”
Health-Related Behaviors and Perceived Addictions
Canas-Simião, H., Reis, C., Carreiras, D., Espada-Santos, P., & Paiva, T. (2022) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000001503 · Cited by 7
“Other studies identified other populations at higher risk for negative mental health outcomes, including homeless, migrants, pregnant women, health care workers, and individuals with preexisting physical or psychiatric morbidity (Rajkumar, 2020; Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundResultKaur, M. N., Tsangaris, E., Dey, T., Deibert, S., Kueper, J., Edelen, M. O., & Pusic, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Patient-Reported Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s41687-022-00526-y · Cited by 6
Sarfika, R., Saifudin, I. M. M. Y., Malini, H., Putri, D. E., Wicaksana, A. L., Mahathir, M., & Novrianda, D. (2023) · Healthcare in Low-resource Settings · doi:10.4081/hls.2023.11931 · Cited by 8
Adherence to COVID-19 Protective Measures in a Longitudinal Sample of Male Youth
Teferra, A. A., Alalwan, M. A., Keller-Hamilton, B. L., Roberts, M. E., Lü, B., Paskett, E. D., Chrzan, K., Curran, H., & Ferketich, A. K. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-022-10090-w · Cited by 6
The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory: A validation study
Schonfeld, I. S., Prytherch, T., Cropley, M., & Bianchi, R. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053221106129 · Cited by 6
“, 2021), age (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020; Wittenborn et al., 2020), and financial resources (Racine et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialArango-Lasprilla, S. C., Albaladejo-Blázquez, N., Christ, B. R., Moreno, O., Botero, J. C. R., Perrin, P. B., & Ferrer‐Cascales, R. (2025) · Psychology International · doi:10.3390/psycholint7020033 · Cited by 6
“…Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020; Lizana & Lera, 2022) and that women (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2021b; Li et al., 2020; D. F. O. Silva et al., 2021; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020), older teachers (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2021b), those who did not engage in regular physical exercise (Çifçi &…”
Gao, L., Dahmen, A., Keller, F. M., Becker, P., & Lippke, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182010919 · Cited by 7
Kim, S., & Kim, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312273 · Cited by 6
“For example, Solomou and Constantinidou [2] found that a large percentage (48”
BackgroundPadrosa, E., & Bolíbar, M. (2022) · Journal of Youth Studies · doi:10.1080/13676261.2022.2046260 · Cited by 6
“Indeed, multiple studies identified young age as a predictor of non-compliance (Håkansson and Claesdotter 2021; Rosha et al. 2021; Salomou and Constantinidou 2020; Tomczyk, Rahn, and Schmidt 2020).”
BackgroundTanifuji, T., Aoyama, S., Shinko, Y., Mouri, K., Kim, S., Satomi‐Kobayashi, S., Shinohara, M., Kawano, S., & Sora, I. (2022) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences Reports · doi:10.1002/pcn5.5 · Cited by 6
“Many studies have reported that women and younger people are vulnerable populations in pandemics such as COVID‐19 and H1N1.”
ResultRodríguez, G. L. L., Peláez-Hernández, V., Orea‐Tejeda, A., Ruíz, C. D. L., López, F. C., Trujillo, A. R., Trejo, B. D., & Tepepa-Flores, L. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2022.927058 · Cited by 6
“On the other hand, anxiety and depressive symptoms are also most common in young people (Gambin et al., 2021; Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundAndrianou, X. D., Konstantinou, C., Flores, M., Papadopoulos, F., & Makris, K. C. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14468-z · Cited by 6
“However, another cross-sectional study conducted also in spring 2020, showed that during the measures there was a higher risk for increased anxiety and depression [32].”
BackgroundRazali, S., Tukhvatullina, D., Hashim, N. A., Raduan, N. J. N., Saw, J. A., Ismail, Z., Patsali, M. E., Smirnova, D. A., & Fountoulakis, K. Ν. (2022) · East Asian Archives of Psychiatry · doi:10.12809/eaap2204 · Cited by 5
Oldmeadow, J. A., Elphinstone, B., Sivasubramaniam, D., Wheeler, M. A., Wilson, S. G., Buzwell, S., Beaudry, J. L., Williams, J. S., & Critchley, C. R. (2023) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.2691 · Cited by 7
Veronese, G., Cavazzoni, F., & Pepe, A. (2023) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-023-01913-5 · Cited by 6
“…the most at-risk populations during the pandemic were those with lower income and less education (aspects correlated especially in Western countries), who reported more significant symptoms of anxiety and lowered satisfaction with their lives (Elgar et al. 2020; Solomou and Constantinidou 2020).”
Pedron, S., Laxy, M., Radon, K., Gleut, R. L., Castelletti, N., Noller, J. M. G., Diefenbach, M. N., Hölscher, M., Leidl, R., Schwettmann, L., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15759-9 · Cited by 6
Jiménez‐Villamizar, M. P., Muro, A., Navarro, J. B., Carmona-Cervelló, M., Cladellas, R., Feliu‐Soler, A., Reche-Camba, E., López, D., Méndez-Ulrich, J. L., Olid, C. S., et al. (2023) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.5093/anyes2023a19 · Cited by 14
COVID-19 and Quality of Life: The Role of Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Factors
Πούλιος, Α., Christopoulos, A. L., Pavlopoulos, V., Tsiodra, M., Stefanakou, E., Stavrakaki, M., Risvas, C., Panaritis, C., Lagos, E., Ktena, M., et al. (2021) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2021.1210095 · Cited by 6
Trauma-Related Distress During the COVID-19 Pandemic In 59 Countries
Ertl, M. M., Trapp, S. K., Alzueta, E., Baker, F. C., Perrin, P. B., Caffarra, S., Yüksel, D., Ramos‐Usuga, D., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2022) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000211068112 · Cited by 8
“These findings are in line with other studies documenting increased psychological distress resulting from the pandemic (Liu, Zhang, et al., 2020; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Tan et al., 2020; Tang et al., 2020; Wang, Xia, et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultObawy studentów związane z pandemią koronawirusa SARS-CoV-2
Skalski, S. (2021) · Edukacja • Terapia • Opieka · doi:10.52934/eto.139 · Cited by 6
Policy and public health implications for mental health after the COVID-19 pandemic
Nakimuli‐Mpungu, E., Arango, C., Dandona, R., Ford, T. J., John, A., Jordan, A., Cherop, R., Kola, L., López‐Jaramillo, C., Schuster, A., et al. (2026) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(25)00358-x · Cited by 5
Stokes, K., Houghton, M., Gato, J., & Tasker, F. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12161634 · Cited by 5
Liu, Q., Zhou, Z., Xu, Y., Pang, J., Zeng, C., Ma, X., Li, P., Ma, L., Huang, J., & Xie, H. W. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452285 · Cited by 5
Dhensa‐Kahlon, R. K., Wan, S. T., Coyle‐Shapiro, J. A., & Teoh, K. (2025) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2024.803 · Cited by 5
“Evidence about the pandemic ’ s impact on mental health by ethnicity is inconclusive, with some studies showing a disproportionate effect on ethnic minorities 2,20 and some, no effect.”
Beech, A., Fan, H., Shu, J., Oyarzún, J. P., Nadel, P., Karaman, O. T., Vranos, S., Phelps, E. A., & Kredlow, M. A. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.01.139 · Cited by 7
Sáenz, E. D. J. Q., Carrillo, J. F. S., Rivera‐Lozada, O., & Bonilla-Asalde, C. A. (2021) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.70655.1 · Cited by 5
Schaaf, R. E. A., Verburgh, M. L., Boyd, A. C., Wit, F. W. N. M., Nieuwkerk, P. T., van der Loeff, M. F. S., Reiss, P., & for the AGEhIV Study Group (2022) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000003055 · Cited by 5
Espejo‐Siles, R., Zych, I., & Llorent, V. J. (2022) · Psychology Society & Education · doi:10.21071/psye.v14i2.14574 · Cited by 5
“Girls, compared to boys, were found to be more likely to develop symptoms of depression and anxiety attributed to COVID-19 (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundFoláyan, M. O., Zúñiga, R. A. A., Abeldaño, G. F., Quadri, M. F. A., Jafer, M. A., Yousaf, M. A., Ellakany, P., Nzimande, N. P., Ara, E., Al‐Khanati, N. M., et al. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14429-6 · Cited by 5
“that depression was associated with lower compliance with COVID-19 precautionary measures [34].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Solomou, I., & Constantinidou, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Cyprus (CY)
- Corresponding author
- Constantinidou, Fofi
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 4924
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7400373
- OpenAlex
- W3041468347
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 50.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, quality of life, mental health, risk and protective factors, age and sex differences, financial concerns, unemployment, social distancing, personal hygiene, Cyprus
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cyprus, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Pneumonia, Viral, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, Universal Precautions, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
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