The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 39 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and Predictors of Anxiety and Depression Symptoms during the COVID-19 Pandemic and Compliance with Precautionary Measures: Age and Sex Matter
Open accessAbstract
Effective management of the global pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (also known as COVID-19), resulted in the implementation of severe restrictions in movement and enforcement of social distancing measures. This study aimed to understand and characterize the psychosocial effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in the general population and to identify risks and protective factors that predict changes in mental health status. In addition, the study investigated compliance with precautionary measures (PM) to halt the spread of the virus. The online anonymous survey collected information on sociodemographic data, compliance with PM, quality of life (QOL), and mental health via the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9). A total of 1642 adult participants (71.6% women, 28.4% men) completed the survey in the European island country, Cyprus. A large percentage (48%) reported significant financial concerns and 66.7% significant changes in their QOL. About 41% reported symptoms associated with mild anxiety; 23.1% reported moderate-severe anxiety symptoms. Concerning depression, 48% reported mild and 9.2% moderate-severe depression symptoms. Women, younger age (18–29), student status, unemployment status, prior psychiatric history, and those reporting greater negative impact on their QOL, were at higher risk for increased anxiety and depression symptoms (p < 0.05). The youngest age group and males also reported lower levels of compliance with PM. Higher compliance with PM predicted lower depression scores (p < 0.001) but higher anxiety for measures related to personal hygiene. The results of this study provide important data on the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and QOL and identify a variety of personal and social determinants that serve as risks and protective factors. Furthermore, it has implications for policy makers demonstrating the need for effective mental health programs and guidance for the implementation of PM as a public health strategy.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The levels of clinically significant anxiety and depression observed in this sample of healthcare professionals are higher than those reported in the general Cypriot population (23.1% and 9.2%, respectively) during the COVID‐19 pandemic (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
From Beyond the physical risk: Psychosocial impact and coping in healthcare professionals during the COVID‐19 pandemic. (2025) · cites this paper as Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020
In the citing paper
“and data about the COVID-19 pandemic have echoed these findings.16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Previous studies during the COVID-19 pandemic have already highlighted that women and younger adults had higher levels of anxiety and depression than men and older adults,4, 17, 18 but our data show that these groups have also had faster improvements in their symptoms.”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, there has been some indication that pre-existing psychiatric conditions are a risk factor for poorer mental health outcomes,22 which has also been echoed by data from the COVID-19 pandemic.16, 17”
From Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092 · Cited by 31,765 · cited 1×
“Both questionnaires were designed for self-administration and have been validated in the general population [19,20].”
MethodThe Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3532534 · Cited by 16,394
The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence
Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N., & Rubin, G. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30460-8 · Cited by 16,378 · cited 2×
“(2020) assert that their duration should be limited and only for the absolute period necessary to control the climax of the pandemic [8].”
BackgroundWang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923 · cited 6×
“1% reported moderate to severe stress levels [16].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialThe psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China
Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934 · Cited by 5,843 · cited 2×
“The study findings expand our limited knowledge about the psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic [16,17] and raise significant concerns regarding potential lingering effects of these immediate”
BackgroundLöwe, B., Decker, O., Müller, S., Brähler, E., Schellberg, D., Herzog, W., & Herzberg, P. Y. (2008) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e318160d093 · Cited by 4,527 · cited 1×
“The total score was divided into 0–4 normal, 5–9 mild anxiety, 10–14 moderate anxiety 15–21 severe anxiety [21].”
BackgroundThe reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus
Liu, Y., Gayle, A. A., Wilder‐Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa021 · Cited by 3,243 · cited 1×
“However, the rapidly forming situation of the COVID-19, the rate of transmission, and the number of people infected in over 150 countries, to date, created an unprecedented situation of global proportions [2,3].”
BackgroundSARS control and psychological effects of quarantine, Toronto, Canada
Hawryluck, L., Gold, W. L., Robinson, S., Pogorski, S., Galea, S., & Styra, R. (2004) · Emerging Infectious Diseases · doi:10.3201/eid1007.030703 · Cited by 1,929
The ESEMeD/MHEDEA 2000 Investigators, Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M. C., Bernert, S., Bruffaerts, R., Brugha, T. S., Bryson, H., de Girolamo, G., de Graaf, R., Demyttenaere, K., et al. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00327.x · Cited by 1,825 · cited 1×
“9%, respectively, which is the prevalence reported in the European Study of the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders during normal conditions [23].”
BackgroundCost of disorders of the brain in Europe 2010
Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jacobi, F., Allgulander, C., Alonso, J., Beghi, E., Dodel, R., Ekman, M., Faravelli, C., Fratiglioni, L., et al. (2011) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.08.008 · Cited by 1,723
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fancourt, D., Steptoe, A., & Bu, F. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30482-x · Cited by 1,161
Browning, M. H. E. M., Larson, L. R., Sharaievska, I., Rigolon, A., McAnirlin, O., Mullenbach, L., Cloutier, S., Vu, T. M., Thomsen, J., Reigner, N., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0245327 · Cited by 888
Prevalence of anxiety in the COVID-19 pandemic: An updated meta-analysis of community-based studies
Santabárbara, J., Lasheras, I., Lipnicki, D. M., Bueno‐Notivol, J., Pérez-Moreno, M. A., López‐Antón, R., de la Cámara, C., Lobo, A., & Gracia‐García, P. (2020) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110207 · Cited by 461
Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of US college students
Lee, J., Solomon, M., Stead, T. G., Kwon, B., & Ganti, L. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00598-3 · Cited by 260
“Consistent with these results, reports indicate that people of student status and ages 18–24 are at higher risk of anxiety and depression [12].”
ResultExploring perceived stress among students in Turkey during the COVID-19 pandemic
Aslan, I., Ochnik, D., & Çınar, O. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17238961 · Cited by 255
Alzueta, E., Perrin, P. B., Baker, F. C., Caffarra, S., Ramos‐Usuga, D., Yüksel, D., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23082 · Cited by 282
Peng, P., Hao, Y., Liu, Y., Chen, S., Wang, Y., Yang, Q., Wang, X., Li, M., Wang, Y., He, L., et al. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.040 · Cited by 264
Self-reported changes in anxiety, depression and suicidality during the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece
Fountoulakis, K., Apostolidou, M., Atsiova, M. B., Filippidou, A. K., Florou, A. K., Gousiou, D. S., Katsara, A. R., Mantzari, S. N., Padouva-Markoulaki, M., Papatriantafyllou, E. I., et al. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.061 · Cited by 190
“Again female gender and younger age were risk factors for anxiety and depression (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundMariani, R., Renzi, A., Di Trani, M., Trabucchi, G., Danskin, K., & Tambelli, R. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.587724 · Cited by 199
Psychological distress in North America during COVID-19: The role of pandemic-related stressors
Zheng, J., Morstead, T., Sin, N. L., Klaiber, P., Umberson, D., Kamble, S. V., & DeLongis, A. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113687 · Cited by 177
Gibson, B., Schneider, J., Talamonti, D., & Forshaw, M. J. (2021) · Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000272 · Cited by 173
Designing, Conducting, and Reporting Survey Studies: A Primer for Researchers
Zimba, O., & Gasparyan, A. Y. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e403 · Cited by 171
Rogowska, A. M., Павлова, Ю., Kuśnierz, C., Ochnik, D., Боднар, І., & Petrytsa, P. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9113494 · Cited by 179
“Approximately 23% of individuals from Cyprus reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms, and 9% reported moderate to severe depression symptoms [22].”
BackgroundBucciarelli, V., Nasi, M., Bianco, F., Seferovic, J., Ivkovic, V., Gallina, S., & Mattioli, A. V. (2022) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2021.09.009 · Cited by 152
Fukase, Y., Ichikura, K., Murase, H., & Tagaya, H. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03047-y · Cited by 148
“Some risk factors for worsening mental health because of social dislocations have been revealed: being female [4, 8, 10–20], having a medical history, such as prior psychiatric illness, physical illness, or chronic disease [3, 10, 13, 15, 19], being unmarried [11, 21, 22], having lower income [3, 11, 23], and experien…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic
Silva, D. F. O., Cobucci, R. N., Lima, S. C. V. C., & de Andrade, F. B. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000027684 · Cited by 166
“Older people may have a lower risk of anxiety and stress due to possible greater resilience gained from exposure to various stressful situations over time, which may favor better emotional control.([47,48]) This study, to the best of our knowledge, is the first systematic review to assess the prevalence of anxiety, de…”
BackgroundImpact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Healthcare Workers
Chatzittofis, A., Karanikola, M. N. K., Michailidou, K., & Constantinidou, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041435 · Cited by 147
“However, the web-based study by Solomou and Constantinidou (2020) on 1642 adults of the general population revealed that more than one out of five reported mentally distressing symptoms [9].”
BackgroundMethodResults of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study
Fountoulakis, K. N., Karakatsoulis, G., Abraham, S., Adorjan, K., Ahmed, H. U., Alarcón, R. D., Arai, K., Auwal, S. S., Berk, M., Bjedov, S., et al. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.004 · Cited by 134
Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Marziali, M. E., Lu, Z., & Martins, S. S. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000933 · Cited by 138
Larson, L. R., Mullenbach, L. E., Browning, M. H. E. M., Rigolon, A., Thomsen, J. M., Metcalf, E. C., Reigner, N. P., Sharaievska, I., McAnirlin, O., D’Antonio, A., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.112367 · Cited by 132
Burhamah, W., AlKhayyat, A., Oroszlányová, M., AlKenane, A., Almansouri, A., Behbehani, M., Karimi, N., Jafar, H., & AlSuwaidan, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.014 · Cited by 115
COVID-19 and the Political Economy of Mass Hysteria
Bagus, P., Peña‐Ramos, J. A., & Sánchez‐Bayón, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041376 · Cited by 121
Delpino, F. M., da Silva, C. N., Jerônimo, J. S., Mulling, E. S., da Cunha, L. L., Weymar, M. K., Alt, R., Caputo, E. L., & Feter, N. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.003 · Cited by 134
Panayiotou, G., Panteli, M., & Leonidou, C. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.11.002 · Cited by 133
Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors
Zsichla, L., & Müller, V. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010175 · Cited by 121
Cleofas, J. V., & Rocha, I. C. N. (2021) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10529-9 · Cited by 110
“…COVID-19 related anxiety has been associated with demographic variables such as age (MoghanibashiMansourieh, 2020; Shevlin et al., 2020; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Tee et al., 2020), gender (Hou et al., 2020; McElroy et al., 2020; Tee et al., 2020), and economic status (Ettman…”
BackgroundRoma, P., Monaro, M., Muzi, L., Colasanti, M., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Napoli, C., Ferracuti, S., & Mazza, C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197252 · Cited by 101
Sherman, A. C., Williams, M. L., Amick, B. C., Hudson, T. J., & Messias, E. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113476 · Cited by 93
“…et al. 2020b; Forte et al., 2020; Gonzaelz-Sanguino et al., 2020; Huang and Zhao, 2020; Petzold et al., 2020; Ren et al. 2020; Rossi et al., 2020; Smith et al., 2020; Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020; Varshney et al, 2020; Wang et al., 2020), and in the US (Liu et al., 2020; Tull et al. 2020).”
BackgroundRogowska, A. M., Ochnik, D., Kuśnierz, C., Jakubiak, M., Schütz, A., Held, M. J., Arzenšek, A., Benatov, J., Berger, R., Korchagina, E. V., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12288-1 · Cited by 84
A review on the COVID-19-related psychological impact on older adults: vulnerable or not?
Parlapani, E., Holeva, V., Nikopoulou, V. A., Kaprinis, S. G., Nouskas, I. G., & Diakogiannis, I. (2021) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-021-01873-4 · Cited by 82
“Taking these limitations into consideration, cross-sectional studies comparing older with younger adults indicated that older adults over the age of 60 reported the least severe depressive and anxiety symptoms [33, 41].”
BackgroundAnxiety and Its Associated Factors During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Anindyajati, G., Wiguna, T., Murtani, B. J., Christian, H., Wigantara, N. A., Putra, A. A., Hanafi, E., Minayati, K., Ismail, R. I., Kaligis, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634585 · Cited by 92
Caffieri, A., Gómez‐Gómez, I., Barquero‐Jimenez, C., de-Juan-Iglesias, P., Margherita, G., & Motrico, E. (2023) · Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/aogs.14740 · Cited by 84
Schweda, A., Weismüller, B., Bäuerle, A., Dörrie, N., Musche, V., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Teufel, M., & Skoda, E. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152218 · Cited by 80
Ruiz‐Palomino, P., Yáñez‐Araque, B., Estévez, P. J., & Gutiérrez-Broncano, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121192 · Cited by 84
“We also controlled for age, because older people may experience more stressors over time and may develop stronger resilience to difficult situations, which may help them avoid falling into depression (Akhtar-Danesh and Landeen, 2007), even under difficult situations such as that provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic (Solo…”
BackgroundAnxiety linked to COVID-19: A systematic review comparing anxiety rates in different populations
Saeed, H., Eslami, A., Nassif, N. T., Simpson, A. M., & Lal, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042189 · Cited by 76
“Prior mental illness was also a contributing factor for worse mental health after COVID-19 [39,44,63,65,97].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLázaro-Pérez, C., López, J. Á. M., Galán, J. G., & Menéses, E. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165938 · Cited by 84
Azene, Z. N., Merid, M. W., Muluneh, A. G., Geberu, D. M., Kassa, G. M., Yenit, M. K., Tilahun, S. Y., Gelaye, K. A., Mekonnen, H. S., Azagew, A. W., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244265 · Cited by 75
RetractedTan, Y., Huang, C., Geng, Y., Cheung, S. P., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671553 · Cited by 73
“Empirical evidence has shown that the pandemic poses negative effects on the psychological and mental well-being of various populations across countries (Cao et al., 2020; Castelli et al., 2020; Di Tella et al., 2020; Pappa et al., 2020; Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundLin, J., Guo, T., Becker, B., Yu, Q., Chen, S., Stubbs, B., Hossain, M. M., Cunha, P. M., Soares, F. C., Veronese, N., et al. (2020) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s277435 · Cited by 70
Sampogna, G., Del Vecchio, V., Giallonardo, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell’Osso, B., Menculini, G., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11091231 · Cited by 67
The Mediterranean Diet and the Western Diet in Adolescent Depression-Current Reports
Zielińska, M., Łuszczki, E., Michońska, I., & Dereń, K. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14204390 · Cited by 76
Meaningful activities during COVID-19 lockdown and association with mental health in Belgian adults
Cruyt, E., VRIENDT, P. D., Letter, M. D., Vlerick, P., Calders, P., Pauw, R. D., Oostra, K. M., Rodríguez‐Bailón, M., Szmalec, A., Merchán-Baeza, J. A., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10673-4 · Cited by 68
“Women had lower mental health than men in this study, which is in line with other COVID-19 studies of mental health in women [13, 19, 20, 22].”
BackgroundResultA Study of Older Adults’ Mental Health across 33 Countries during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Tyler, C. M., McKee, G. B., Alzueta, E., Perrin, P. B., Kingsley, K., Baker, F. C., & Arango‐Lasprilla, J. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105090 · Cited by 73
“Nearly half the adults surveyed in a study from Cyprus (n = 1642) reported they were very concerned about their finances, and two-thirds said that they had large changes in their quality of life [21].”
BackgroundBeisland, E. G., Gjeilo, K. H., Andersen, J. R., Bratås, O., Bø, B., Haraldstad, K., Hjelmeland, I. H. H., Iversen, M. M., Løyland, B., Norekvål, T. M., et al. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01837-2 · Cited by 57
Coletro, H. N., Mendonça, R. D. D., Meireles, A. L., Machado-Coelho, G. L. L., & de Menezes, M. C. (2021) · Clinical Nutrition ESPEN · doi:10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.013 · Cited by 69
Berman, A. H., Bendtsen, M., Molander, O., Lindfors, P., Lindner, P., Granlund, L., Topooco, N., Engström, K., & Andersson, C. R. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211027824 · Cited by 54
“…increasing [23]. early research relevant to this study reported that younger persons and men were less likely to comply with recommendations; in terms of mental health, women, younger persons under 30 years of age and those having student status had a higher risk of anxiety and depression [24].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSarfraz, M., Ji, X., Asghar, M., Ivaşcu, L., & Öztürk, İ. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052657 · Cited by 64
“1%) due to the increasing financial concerns [52].”
BackgroundPrevalence of Burnout among Teachers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Meta-Analysis
Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Fernández, I. L., Lipnicki, D. M., Mondragón, N. I., & Santabárbara, J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064866 · Cited by 73
“This differs from studies carried out with more general populations, where more psychological symptomatology has been found among younger people than among older people [67,68].”
ResultIntolerance of uncertainty and reactions to the COVID-19 pandemic
Bavoľár, J., Kačmár, P., Hricová, M., Schrötter, J., Holevová, B. K., Köverová, M., & Ráczová, B. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1922346 · Cited by 62
“…to recommendations (social distancing, use of masks, increased hygiene) which is not only related to demographic characteristics (age, gender; Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Tomczyk, Rahn, & Schmidt, 2020), but also to psychological variables such as trust in science and the Big Five…”
BackgroundKalaitzaki, A. E. (2021) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.12750 · Cited by 55
Fenollar-Cortés, J., Jiménez, Ó., Ruiz‐García, A., & Resurrección, D. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682860 · Cited by 54
COVID-19 complications in males and females: recent developments
Chaturvedi, R., Lui, B., Aaronson, J. A., White, R. S., & Samuels, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Comparative Effectiveness Research · doi:10.2217/cer-2022-0027 · Cited by 51
Stress Perceived by University Health Sciences Students, 1 Year after COVID-19 Pandemic
Marcén-Román, Y., Gasch-Gallen, A., Vela Martín de la Mota, I. I., Calatayud, E., Gómez-Soria, I., & Rodríguez-Roca, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105233 · Cited by 50
Minhas, M., Belisario, K. L., González‐Roz, A., Halladay, J. E., Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. M. (2021) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/acer.14624 · Cited by 49
“…administered to evaluate self- reported clinical symptoms of depression using the Patient Health Questionnaire- 9 (PHQ- 9; Kroenke et al., 2010), anxiety using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder- 7 (GAD- 7; Spitzer et al., 2006), and PTSD using the PTSD Checklist- 5 (PCL- 5; Blevins et al., 2015).”
MethodChen, D. T.-H., & Wang, Y.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031014 · Cited by 46
“Our findings are consistent with recent studies on the exacerbation of psychosocial disorders among vulnerable populations, such as marginalised individuals or those with pre-existing mental conditions [16,17].”
ResultSrifuengfung, M., Thana‐udom, K., Ratta‐apha, W., Chulakadabba, S., Sanguanpanich, N., & Viravan, N. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.044 · Cited by 47
The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Depressive symptoms immediately before and after the first lockdown
Medda, E., Toccaceli, V., Gigantesco, A., Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., & Stazi, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.129 · Cited by 49
Lin, S. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.100 · Cited by 51
“Furthermore, being women, younger age, student status, unemployment, and past psychiatric history were all identified as risk factors for anxiety amidst this public health emergency (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
Seng, V. O. K., Sarwar, A., & Pervez, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1056834 · Cited by 74
Al-Shannaq, Y., Mohammad, A. A., & Aldalaykeh, M. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06873 · Cited by 52
“Previous studies have indicated that the COVID-19 pandemic has affected people's health-related quality of life [4, 18, 20, 50].”
InfluentialConsonni, M., Telesca, A., Grazzi, L., Cazzato, D., & Lauria, G. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04890-9 · Cited by 45
“Similarly to our results, several recent studies documented its negative impact on QoL, habits, behaviour and mental health in patients with chronic diseases and in the general population [8, 16, 25, 26].”
ResultUeda, R., Okada, T., Kita, Y., Ozawa, Y., Inoue, H., Shioda, M., Kono, Y., Kono, C., Nakamura, Y., Amemiya, K., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-82743-x · Cited by 46
Motivations and Limits for COVID-19 Policy Compliance in Germany and Switzerland
Zimmermann, B., Fiske, A., McLennan, S., Sierawska, A., Hangel, N., & Buyx, A. (2021) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.34172/ijhpm.2021.30 · Cited by 45
Mumtaz, A., Manzoor, F., Jiang, S., & Rahaman, M. A. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9040424 · Cited by 45
“Therefore, controlling these demographic variables may be useful as they can affect the model [45].”
BackgroundAli, M., Uddin, Z., Ahsan, N. F., Haque, M. Z., Bairagee, M., Khan, S. A., & Hossain, A. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06985 · Cited by 43
“6 suggested that in the COVID-19 pandemic, a higher number of younger adults were suffering from anxiety and insomnia than older adults (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020).”
Indu, P. V., Vijayan, B., Tharayil, H. M., Ayirolimeethal, A., & Vidyadharan, V. (2021) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102812 · Cited by 42
Sampogna, G., Giallonardo, V., Del Vecchio, V., Luciano, M., Albert, U., Carmassi, C., Carrà, G., Cirulli, F., Dell'Osso, B., Menculini, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788139 · Cited by 40
Qeadan, F., Mensah, N. A., Tingey, B., Bern, R., Rees, T., Talboys, S., Singh, T. P., Lacey, S. E., & Shoaf, K. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17176295 · Cited by 39
Bäuerle, A., Musche, V., Schmidt, K., Schweda, A., Fink, M., Weismüller, B., Dinse, H., Herrmann, K., Tewes, M., Schadendorf, D., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18052318 · Cited by 36
“Thereby, being female, at younger age, student or unemployed, a psychiatric history, or experiencing a greater negative impact on the quality of life pose risk factors for increased depression and anxiety symptoms [12,13].”
BackgroundSardella, A., Lenzo, V., Bonanno, G. A., Basile, G., & Quattropani, M. C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041698 · Cited by 40
“The progressive restrictions due to the COVID-19 outbreak have dramatically unsettled our daily lives, forcing us to maintain social distance from friends and relatives, which inevitably leads to a psychological burden that is often not easy to sustain [54,55].”
BackgroundNicolaidou, I. A., Aristeidis, L., & Lambrinos, L. (2022) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076221109059 · Cited by 43
Fteropoulli, T., Kalavana, T. V., Yiallourou, A., Karaiskakis, M., Koliou Mazeri, M., Vryonides, S., Hadjioannou, A., & Nikolopoulos, G. K. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15938 · Cited by 42
“Anxiety was measured using the Greek translation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) (Spitzer et al., 2006 ).”
Villarreal‐Zegarra, D., Copez-Lonzoy, A. J. E., Vilela-Estrada, A. L., & Huarcaya-Victoria, J. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03456-z · Cited by 49
“On the one hand, different studies have identified that age is negatively associated with anxious symptoms in the general population and is more frequent in younger people [55, 56] and that the general population has higher levels of anxiety and depression than health professionals [57].”
BackgroundKlinger, C., Burns, J., Movsisyan, A., Biallas, R. L., Norris, S. L., Rabe, J. E., Stratil, J. M., Voß, S., Wabnitz, K. J. P., Rehfuess, E. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Travel Medicine · doi:10.1093/jtm/taab123 · Cited by 36
“In Cyprus, having a firstdegree relative trapped abroad was found to be associated with higher anxiety levels, and being personally trapped abroad was associated with higher depression levels.(43) Cross-border commuters in the European Union were confronted with financial insecurity and unemployment as a result of bor…”
BackgroundMoradian, S., Teufel, M., Jahre, L. M., Musche, V., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Schweda, A., Weismüller, B., Dörrie, N., Tan, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12101-z · Cited by 36
“Thus, pre-existing mental illness appears to be a risk factor for psychological burden, as well as being female, at younger age, a student or unemployed [16, 17].”
BackgroundEmotional State of Mexican University Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Santamaría, M. D., Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N., Mondragón, N. I., Reyes-Sosa, H., & Santabárbara, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042155 · Cited by 36
“Many factors have been studied to see which groups have been the most vulnerable, and, in terms of age, many studies have observed that university students have suffered the most from the pandemic, having presented high levels of psychological impact [10,11].”
BackgroundKoinig, K. A., Arnold, C., Lehmann, J., Giesinger, J., Köck, S., Willenbacher, W., Weger, R., Holzner, B., Ganswindt, U., Wolf, D., et al. (2021) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.3950 · Cited by 34
Nearchou, F., & Douglas, E. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18168485 · Cited by 35
“Being a woman has also been reported as a risk factor of experiencing higher depression, anxiety and posttraumatic stress symptoms during this pandemic [8,19,20,22].”
BackgroundGullo, S., Misici, I., Teti, A., Liuzzi, M., & Chiara, E. (2021) · Research in Psychotherapy Psychopathology Process and Outcome · doi:10.4081/ripppo.2020.494 · Cited by 37
“The relationship between being unemployed and anxiety and depression levels that we found is in line with other studies (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020).”
BackgroundResultCOVID-19 and Risk Factors of Anxiety and Depression in South Korea
Hyun, J., Kim, S.-J., Kim, H., Choi, Y., Choi, Y., Lee, Y., Paik, J., Lee, J.-S., Kim, K., Jun, J. Y., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0125 · Cited by 33
COVID-19 Pandemic and Death Anxiety in Security Forces in Spain
Lázaro-Pérez, C., López, J. Á. M., Galán, J. G., & Martínez, M. D. M. F. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17217760 · Cited by 32
Bailey, B., Whelen, M. L., & Strunk, D. R. (2021) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12284 · Cited by 32
Chen, H., Gao, J., Dai, J., Mao, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, S., Xiao, Q., Jia, Y., Zheng, P., & Fu, H. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11877-4 · Cited by 34
“1% of the general population of Cyprus reported symptoms associated with mild and moderate-to-severe GAD [15].”
BackgroundRahme, C., Akel, M., Obeïd, S., & Hallit, S. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00674-8 · Cited by 34
“research about this association, are consistent; while a previous study showed that younger age had a negative impact on quality of life [45], another research showed that higher physical QOL were reported in the group aged 79–90 [46].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFukase, Y., Ichikura, K., Murase, H., & Tagaya, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2022.110737 · Cited by 32
Banholzer, N., Feuerriegel, S., & Vach, W. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-11362-x · Cited by 32
García‐Lara, R. A., Gómez‐Urquiza, J. L., Membrive‐Jiménez, M. J., Velando‐Soriano, A., Granados-Bolivar, M. E., Romero‐Béjar, J. L., & Suleiman‐Martos, N. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12091412 · Cited by 34
“This study suggests a higher prevalence of anxiety and stress diabetes in T1DM patients, as corroborated by other studies that found several factors related to worse mental health such as T1DM or the female gender [70,77].”
ResultPsychological impact of the coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic on nurses
Maqbali, M. A. H. A., & Khadhuri, J. A. (2021) · Japan Journal of Nursing Science · doi:10.1111/jjns.12417 · Cited by 30
“Further, other studies have suggested that stress, anxiety and depression decline with increased age (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020; Tull et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSazakli, E., Leotsinidis, M., Bakola, M., Kitsou, K. S., Katsifara, A., Konstantopoulou, A., & Jelastopulu, E. (2021) · Journal of Public Health Research · doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.2089 · Cited by 31
“In line with this and other surveys [24], students in our university that have at their disposal less than 100 € to spend for their monthly personal needs were at higher risk of developing anxiety and depression, compared to their colleagues spending more than 300 €.”
ResultPredictors of negative psychosocial and health behavior impact of COVID-19 among young adults
Romm, K. F., Patterson, B., Wysota, C. N., Wang, Y., & Berg, C. J. (2021) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyab026 · Cited by 30
“Prior research suggests that increases in anxiety and depression are associated with being female [4, 25, 26], younger in age [25], having a friend or relative diagnosed with COVID-19 [4], lower family income [27], less social support [27] and being unemployed [26].”
BackgroundResultPadilla‐Walker, L. M., der Graaff, J. V., Workman, K., Carlo, G., Branje, S., Carrizales, A., Gerbino, M., Gülseven, Z., Hawk, S. T., Kanacri, B. P. L., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254221084098 · Cited by 29
Matthews, T. A., Chen, L., Omidakhsh, N., Zhang, D. “., Han, X., Chen, Z., Shi, L., Li, Y., Wen, M., Li, H., et al. (2022) · Industrial Health · doi:10.2486/indhealth.2022-0077 · Cited by 29
Albikawi, Z. F. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12111887 · Cited by 31
Gutiérrez-Pérez, I. A., Delgado‐Floody, P., Jerez‐Mayorga, D., Soto, D., Navarrete, F. C., Parra‐Rojas, I., Molina, N., & Guzmán‐Guzmán, I. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105450 · Cited by 28
“In Cyprus, a negative impact on the quality of life is associated with the female sex (between 18 and 29 years), in addition to having a greater risk of suffering symptoms of depression and anxiety [25].”
BackgroundAlesci, A., Fumia, A., Cascio, P. L., Miller, A., & Cicero, N. (2021) · Journal of the American Nutrition Association · doi:10.1080/07315724.2021.1965503 · Cited by 28
Mehanna, A., Elhadi, Y. A. M., & Lucero‐Prisno, D. E. (2021) · Pan African Medical Journal · doi:10.11604/pamj.2021.39.135.29171 · Cited by 28
“This finding was supported by several studies [14-18] which all agreed that females were more compliant to health-related guidelines than males.”
ResultThe Psychological and Quality of Life Impacts on Women in Hong Kong during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hung, M. S. Y., Lam, S. K. K., Chan, L. C. K., Liu, S. P. S., & Chow, M. C. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18136734 · Cited by 29
“Previous research suggested a positive correlation between fear of COVID-19 and change in public health behaviors, enhancing the citizens’ compliance with public health behaviors, such as maintaining social distancing and hand hygiene [13,24].”
BackgroundResultCompliance with COVID-19 prevention guidelines: Active vs. passive risk takers
Keinan, R., Idan, T., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2021) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500008287 · Cited by 27
“Emotional responses, such as fear of the pandemic (Harper, Satchell, Fido & Latzman, 2020) or anxiety (Solomou & Constantinidou, 2020) have been found to promote cooperation with preventive measures.”
BackgroundHerrera‐Añazco, P., Urrunaga‐Pastor, D., Benites-Zapata, V. A., Bendezú-Quispe, G., Toro-Huamanchumo, C. J., & Hernández, A. V. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.727034 · Cited by 35
Xu, Y., Ni, Y., Yang, J., Wu, J., Lin, Y., Li, J., Zeng, W., Zeng, Y., Huang, D., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01853-z · Cited by 39
“A number of studies have also shown differences between male and female students with regard to resilience, perception, recovery and growth in the face of trauma [16].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Solomou, I., & Constantinidou, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Cyprus (CY)
- Corresponding author
- Constantinidou, Fofi
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 4924
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7400373
- OpenAlex
- W3041468347
- Cited by
- 591
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 197 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 50.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, quality of life, mental health, risk and protective factors, age and sex differences, financial concerns, unemployment, social distancing, personal hygiene, Cyprus
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cyprus, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Patient Compliance, Pneumonia, Viral, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, Universal Precautions, Coronavirus Infections, Young Adult, Pandemics
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
