CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 557Urban Green Space and HealthEnvironmental Justice and Health DisparitiesHealth disparities and outcomes

Green Space and Health Equity: A Systematic Review on the Potential of Green Space to Reduce Health Disparities

Open access
Rigolon, Alessandro, Browning, Matthew H. E. M., McAnirlin, Olivia, Yoon, Hyunseo (Violet)·2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph18052563PMC PMC7967323
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Disadvantaged groups worldwide, such as low-income and racially/ethnically minoritized people, experience worse health outcomes than more privileged groups, including wealthier and white people. Such health disparities are a major public health issue in several countries around the world. In this systematic review, we examine whether green space shows stronger associations with physical health for disadvantaged groups than for privileged groups. We hypothesize that disadvantaged groups have stronger protective effects from green space because of their greater dependency on proximate green space, as they tend to lack access to other health-promoting resources. We use the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) method and search five databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to look for articles that examine whether socioeconomic status (SES) or race/ethnicity modify the green space-health associations. Based on this search, we identify 90 articles meeting our inclusion criteria. We find lower-SES people show more beneficial effects than affluent people, particularly when concerning public green spaces/parks rather than green land covers/greenness. Studies in Europe show stronger protective effects for lower-SES people versus higher-SES people than do studies in North America. We find no notable differences in the protective effects of green space between racial/ethnic groups. Collectively, these results suggest green space might be a tool to advance health equity and provide ways forward for urban planners, parks managers, and public health professionals to address health disparities.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ijerph18052563

Cites

11 of 11 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In Europe, public green spaces have better quality in lower-SES neighbourhoods compared with North America.

    “in Europe, public green spaces, such as parks, have better quality in lower-SES neighbourhoods compared with, for example, those in North America.24”

    From Cross-sectional associations of different types of nature exposure with psychotropic, antihypertensive and asthma medication (2023) · cites this paper as [24]

    In §4.1 (page not provided), the review suggests that green space *might* be of higher quality in Europe’s low-SES neighbourhoods than in North America’s disadvantaged neighbourhoods. It notes fewer European studies finding park-quality inequities, but does not establish the quality comparison as fact, as the citing sentence does. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 182

  1. [2]Weinstein J.N. Geller A. Negussie Y. Baciu A. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity The National Academies Press Washington, DC, USA 2017 28418632
  2. [5]Mears M. Brindley P. Jorgensen A. Maheswaran R. Population-level linkages between urban greenspace and health inequality: The case for using multiple indicators of neighbourhood greenspace Heal. Place 2020 62 102284 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102284 32479362 · DOI
  3. [6]Woolf B.S.H. Braveman P. Where health disparities begin: The role of social and economic determinants—and why current policies may make matters worse Health Aff. 2011 30 1852 1859 10.1377/hlthaff.2011.0685 21976326 · DOI
  4. [7]Hero J.O. Zaslavsky A.M. Blendon R.J. The United States leads other nations in differences by income in perceptions of health and health care Health Aff. 2017 36 1032 1040 10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0006 28583961 · DOI · Paper page
  5. [8]National Center for Health Statistics United States Health, 2015—With Special Feature on Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Washington, DC, USA 2016 0002-9165 27308685
  6. [9]Evandrou M. Falkingham J. Feng Z. Vlachantoni A. Ethnic inequalities in limiting health and self-reported health in later life revisited J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2016 70 653 662 10.1136/jech-2015-206074 26787199 PMC4941192 · DOI
  7. [11]Obuaku-Igwe C.C. Health inequality in South Africa: A systematic review African Sociol. Rev. 2015 19 96 131
  8. [12]Katz A.S. Cheff R.M. O’Campo P. Bringing stakeholders together for urban health equity: Hallmarks of a compromised process Int. J. Equity Health 2015 14 138 10.1186/s12939-015-0252-1 26590020 PMC4654839 · DOI
  9. [13]Rouvinen-Wilenius P. Ahokas J. Kiukas V. Aalto-Kallio M. Finnish NGOs promoting health equity in the context of welfare economy Health Promot. Int. 2019 34 648 657 10.1093/heapro/day022 29659821 · DOI
  10. [14]Van den Bosch M. Ode Sang Å. Urban natural environments as nature-based solutions for improved public health—A systematic review of reviews Environ. Res. 2017 158 373 384 10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.040 28686952 · DOI
  11. [17]Akaraci S. Feng X. Suesse T. Jalaludin B. Astell-Burt T. A systematic review and meta-analysis of associations between green and blue spaces and birth outcomes Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 17 2949 10.3390/ijerph17082949 32344732 PMC7215926 · DOI
  12. [18]Rojas-Rueda D. Nieuwenhuijsen M. Gascon M. Perez-Leon D. Mudu P. Green spaces and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies | Manuscript Draft Lancet Planet. Heal. 2019 19 e469 e477 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30215-3 PMC6873641 31777338 · DOI
  13. [20]Dzhambov A.M. Browning M.H.E.M. Markevych I. Hartig T. Lercher P. Analytical approaches to testing pathways linking greenspace to health: A scoping review of the empirical literature Environ. Res. 2020 186 109613 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109613 32668553 · DOI
  14. [21]Cole H.V.S. Triguero-Mas M. Connolly J.J.T. Anguelovski I. Determining the health benefits of green space: Does gentrification matter? Health Place 2019 57 1 11 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.02.001 30844594 · DOI
  15. [22]Feng X. Astell-Burt T. Do greener areas promote more equitable child health? Heal. Place 2017 46 267 273 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.05.006 28666236 · DOI
  16. [24]Osborne Jelks N. Jennings V. Rigolon A. Green gentrification and health: A scoping review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021 18 907 10.3390/ijerph18030907 33494268 PMC7908481 · DOI
  17. [26]Shanahan D.F. Lin B.B. Bush R. Gaston K.J. Dean J.H. Barber E. Fuller R.A. Toward improved public health outcomes from urban nature Am. J. Public Health 2015 105 470 477 10.2105/AJPH.2014.302324 25602866 PMC4330853 · DOI
  18. [27]Hartig T. Mitchell R. De Vries S. Frumkin H. Nature and health Annu. Rev. Public Health 2014 35 207 228 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182443 24387090 · DOI · Paper page
  19. [28]Kabisch N. The influence of socio-economic and socio-demographic factors in the association between urban green space and health Biodiversity and Health in the Face of Climate Change Springer Cham, Switzerland 2019 91 119 9783030023171
  20. [29]James P. Banay R.F. Hart J.E. Laden F. A review of the health benefits of greenness Curr. Epidemiol. Reports 2015 2 131 142 10.1007/s40471-015-0043-7 26185745 PMC4500194 · DOI
  21. [30]Fong K.C. Hart J.E. James P. A review of epidemiologic studies on greenness and health: Updated literature through 2017 Curr. Environ. Heal. Reports 2018 5 77 87 10.1007/s40572-018-0179-y PMC5878143 29392643 · DOI · Paper page
  22. [31]Banay R.F. Bezold C.P. James P. Hart J.E. Laden F. Residential greenness: Current perspectives on its impact on maternal health and pregnancy outcomes Int. J. Womens. Health 2017 9 133 144 10.2147/IJWH.S125358 28280395 PMC5338951 · DOI
  23. [32]Rigolon A. A complex landscape of inequity in access to urban parks: A literature review Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2016 153 160 169 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017 · DOI
  24. [33]Rigolon A. Browning M.H.E.M. Lee K. Shin S. Access to urban green space in cities of the Global South: A systematic literature review Urban. Sci. 2018 2 67 10.3390/urbansci2030067 · DOI
  25. [34]Schüle S.A. Hilz L.K. Dreger S. Bolte G. Social inequalities in environmental resources of green and blue spaces: A review of evidence in the WHO European region Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 16 1216 10.3390/ijerph16071216 PMC6480666 30987381 · DOI
  26. [35]Wolch J.R. Byrne J. Newell J.P. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: The challenge of making cities ‘just green enough ’ Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2014 125 234 244 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017 · DOI
  27. [36]Giles-Corti B. Vernez-Moudon A. Reis R. Turrell G. Dannenberg A.L. Badland H. Foster S. Lowe M. Sallis J.F. Stevenson M. City planning and population health: A global challenge Lancet 2016 388 2912 2924 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30066-6 27671668 · DOI
  28. [37]Corburn J. Confronting the challenges in reconnecting urban planning and public health Am. J. Public Health 2004 94 541 546 10.2105/AJPH.94.4.541 15053998 PMC1448291 · DOI
  29. [39]Robinson O. Tamayo I. de Castro M. Valentin A. Giorgis-Allemand L. Hjertager Krog N. Maitre L. McEachan R. Lepeule J. Ambros A. The urban exposome during pregnancy and its socioeconomic determinants Environ. Health Perspect. 2018 126 077005 10.1289/EHP2862 30024382 PMC6108870 · DOI
  30. [40]Robinette J.W. Charles S.T. Gruenewald T.L. Neighborhood socioeconomic status and health: A longitudinal analysis J. Community Health 2017 42 865 871 10.1007/s10900-017-0327-6 28315111 PMC5601026 · DOI
  31. [41]Marmot M. Friel S. Bell R. Houweling T.A. Taylor S. Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health Lancet 2008 372 1661 1669 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61690-6 18994664 · DOI
  32. [42]Ruijsbroek A. Droomers M. Kruize H. Van Kempen E. Gidlow C.J. Hurst G. Andrusaityte S. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Maas J. Hardyns W. Does the health impact of exposure to neighbourhood green space differ between population groups? An explorative study in four European cities Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017 14 618 10.3390/ijerph14060618 28594390 PMC5486304 · DOI
  33. [43]Maas J. Verheij R.A. Spreeuwenberg P. Groenewegen P.P. Physical activity as a possible mechanism behind the relationship between green space and health: A multilevel analysis BMC Public Health 2008 8 206 10.1186/1471-2458-8-206 18544169 PMC2438348 · DOI
  34. [44]Loukaitou-Sideris A. Stieglitz O. Children in Los Angeles parks: A study of equity, quality and children’s satisfaction with neighbourhood parks Town Plan. Rev. 2002 73 467 488 10.3828/tpr.73.4.5 · DOI
  35. [45]Romero A.J. Low-income neighborhood barriers and resources for adolescents’ physical activity J. Adolesc. Heal. 2005 36 253 259 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.027 15737782 · DOI
  36. [46]Cutts B.B. Darby K.J. Boone C.G. Brewis A. City structure, obesity, and environmental justice: An integrated analysis of physical and social barriers to walkable streets and park access Soc. Sci. Med. 2009 69 1314 1322 10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.08.020 19751959 · DOI
  37. [47]Williams T.G. Logan T.M. Zuo C.T. Liberman K.D. Guikema S.D. Parks and safety: A comparative study of green space access and inequity in five US cities Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2020 201 103841 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103841 · DOI
  38. [48]Bai H. Stanis S.A.W. Kaczynski A.T. Besenyi G.M. Perceptions of neighborhood park quality: Associations with physical activity and body mass index Ann. Behav. Med. 2013 45 39 48 10.1007/s12160-012-9448-4 23334770 · DOI
  39. [49]Cohen D.A. Han B. Nagel C.J. Harnik P. McKenzie T.L. Evenson K.R. Marsh T. Williamson S. Vaughan C. Katta S. The first national study of neighborhood parks: Implications for physical activity Am. J. Prev. Med. 2016 51 419 426 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.03.021 27209496 PMC5030121 · DOI
  40. [50]Coen S.E. Ross N.A. Exploring the material basis for health: Characteristics of parks in Montreal neighborhoods with contrasting health outcomes Heal. Place 2006 4 361 371 10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.02.001 16814195 · DOI
  41. [51]Mackenbach J.P. Valverde J.R. Artnik B. Bopp M. Brønnum-Hansen H. Deboosere P. Kalediene R. Kovács K. Leinsalu M. Martikainen P. Trends in health inequalities in 27 European countries Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2018 115 6440 6445 10.1073/pnas.1800028115 29866829 PMC6016814 · DOI · Paper page
  42. [54]Tessum C.W. Apte J.S. Goodkind A.L. Muller N.Z. Mullins K.A. Paolella D.A. Polasky S. Springer N.P. Thakrar S.K. Marshall J.D. Inequity in consumption widens racial-ethnic disparities in air pollution exposure Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2019 116 6001 6006 10.1073/pnas.1818859116 30858319 PMC6442600 · DOI
  43. [55]WHO Regional Office for Europe Environment and Health Risks: A Review of the Influence and Effects of Social Inequalities World Health Organization Copenhagen, Denmark 2010
  44. [56]Clark L.P. Millet D.B. Marshall J.D. National patterns in environmental injustice and inequality: Outdoor NO2 air pollution in the United States PLoS ONE 2014 9 e94431 10.1371/journal.pone.0094431 24736569 PMC3988057 · DOI · Paper page
  45. [57]Williams D.R. Lawrence J.A. Davis B.A. Racism and health: Evidence and needed research Annu. Rev. Public Health 2019 40 105 125 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040218-043750 30601726 PMC6532402 · DOI · Paper page
  46. [58]Bailey Z.D. Krieger N. Agénor M. Graves J. Linos N. Bassett M.T. Structural racism and health inequities in the USA: Evidence and interventions Lancet 2017 389 1453 1463 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30569-X 28402827 · DOI · Paper page
  47. [59]Jennings V. Baptiste A.K. Osborne Jelks N. Skeete R. Urban green space and the pursuit of health equity in parts of the United States Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017 14 1432 10.3390/ijerph14111432 29165367 PMC5708071 · DOI
  48. [61]Solé-Auró A. Crimmins E.M. Health of immigrants in European countries Int. Migr. Rev. 2008 42 861 876 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2008.00150.x 21048888 PMC2967040 · DOI
  49. [62]Snijder M.B. Galenkamp H. Prins M. Derks E.M. Peters R.J.G. Zwinderman A.H. Stronks K. Cohort profile: The Healthy Life in an Urban Setting (HELIUS) study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands BMJ Open 2017 7 e017873 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017873 29247091 PMC5736025 · DOI
  50. [63]Wang Y.J. Chen X.P. Chen W.J. Zhang Z.L. Zhou Y.P. Jia Z. Ethnicity and health inequalities: An empirical study based on the 2010 China survey of social change (CSSC) in Western China BMC Public Health 2020 20 637 10.1186/s12889-020-08579-8 32380963 PMC7204236 · DOI
  51. [64]Morgen C.S. Bjørk C. Andersen P.K. Mortensen L.H. Nybo Andersen A.M. Socioeconomic position and the risk of preterm birth—A study within the Danish National Birth Cohort Int. J. Epidemiol. 2008 37 1109 1120 10.1093/ije/dyn112 18577529 · DOI
  52. [65]Benatar S. The challenges of health disparities in South Africa S. Afr. Med. J. 2013 103 154 155 10.7196/SAMJ.6622 23472690 · DOI
  53. [67]Jennings V. Browning M.H.E.M. Rigolon A. Urban. Green Spaces—Public Health and Sustainabilty in the United States Springer Basel, Switzerland 2019
  54. [68]Browning M.H.E.M. Rigolon A. School green space and its impact on academic performance: A systematic literature review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 16 429 10.3390/ijerph16030429 30717301 PMC6388261 · DOI
  55. [69]Collins R.M. Spake R. Brown K.A. Ogutu B.O. Smith D. Eigenbrod F. A systematic map of research exploring the effect of greenspace on mental health Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2020 201 103823 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103823 · DOI
  56. [71]Labib S.M. Lindley S. Huck J.J. Scale effects in remotely sensed greenspace metrics and how to mitigate them for environmental health exposure assessment Comput. Environ. Urban. Syst. 2020 82 101501 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101501 · DOI
  57. [72]Helbich M. O’Connor R.C. Nieuwenhuijsen M. Hagedoorn P. Greenery exposure and suicide mortality later in life: A longitudinal register-based case-control study Environ. Int. 2020 143 105982 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105982 32712421 · DOI
  58. [73]Lahart I. Darcy P. Gidlow C. Calogiuri G. The effects of green exercise on physical and mental wellbeing: A systematic review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 16 1352 10.3390/ijerph16081352 PMC6518264 30991724 · DOI · Paper page
  59. [74]Son J.Y. Liu J.C. Bell M.L. Temperature-related mortality: A systematic review and investigation of effect modifiers Environ. Res. Lett. 2019 14 073004 10.1088/1748-9326/ab1cdb PMC12362558 40837670 · DOI
  60. [75]Radke E.G. Glenn B. Galizia A. Persad A. Nachman R. Bateson T. Wright J.M. Navas-Acien A. Arroyave W.D. Puett R.C. Development of outcome-specific criteria for study evaluation in systematic reviews of epidemiology studies Environ. Int. 2019 130 104884 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.078 31299560 PMC8522891 · DOI
  61. [76]Radke E.G. Braun J.M. Nachman R.M. Cooper G.S. Phthalate exposure and neurodevelopment: A systematic review and meta-analysis of human epidemiological evidence Environ. Int. 2020 137 105408 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105408 32045779 PMC8453372 · DOI
  62. [78]Leech N.L. Barrett K.C. Morgan G.A. IBM SPSS for Intermediate Statistics: Use and Interpretation 4th ed. Routledge New York, NY, USA 2011
  63. [79]Maxwell S.E. Delaney H.D. Designing Experiments and Analyzing Data: A Model. Comparison Perspective 2nd ed. Psychology Press New York, NY, USA 2004
  64. [81]West L.J. Hankin R.K.S. Exact tests for two-way contingency tables with structural zeros J. Stat. Softw. 2008 28 1 19 10.18637/jss.v028.i11 · DOI
  65. [82]Talen E. Neighborhoods as service providers: A methodology for evaluating pedestrian access Environ. Plan. B Plan. Des. 2003 30 181 200 10.1068/b12977 · DOI
  66. [83]Labib S.M. Lindley S. Huck J.J. Spatial dimensions of the influence of urban green-blue spaces on human health: A systematic review Environ. Res. 2020 180 108869 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108869 31722804 · DOI
  67. [84]Abelt K. McLafferty S. Green streets: Urban green and birth outcomes Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017 14 771 10.3390/ijerph14070771 PMC5551209 28703756 · DOI
  68. [85]Agay-Shay K. Peled A. Crespo A.V. Peretz C. Amitai Y. Linn S. Friger M. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Green spaces and adverse pregnancy outcomes Occup. Environ. Med. 2014 71 562 569 10.1136/oemed-2013-101961 24759971 · DOI
  69. [86]Agay-Shay K. Michael Y. Basagaña X. Martínez-Solanas È. Broday D. Lensky I.M. Rudolf M. Rubin L. Kent R. Levy N. Mean and variance of greenness and pregnancy outcomes in Tel Aviv during 2000-14: Longitudinal and cross-sectional approaches Int. J. Epidemiol. 2019 48 1054 1072 10.1093/ije/dyy249 30544203 · DOI
  70. [87]Agyemang C. Van Hooijdonk C. Wendel-Vos W. Ujcic-Voortman J.K. Lindeman E. Stronks K. Droomers M. Ethnic differences in the effect of environmental stressors on blood pressure and hypertension in the Netherlands BMC Public Health 2007 7 118 10.1186/1471-2458-7-118 17587458 PMC1919368 · DOI
  71. [88]Alexander D.S. Huber L.R.B. Piper C.R. Tanner A.E. The association between recreational parks, facilities and childhood obesity: A cross-sectional study of the 2007 National Survey of Children’s Health J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2013 67 427 431 10.1136/jech-2012-201301 23364027 · DOI
  72. [89]Astell-Burt T. Feng X. Kolt G.S. Is neighborhood green space associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes? Evidence from 267,072 Australians Diabetes Care 2014 37 197 201 10.2337/dc13-1325 24026544 · DOI
  73. [90]Björk J. Albin M. Grahn P. Jacobsson H. Ardö J. Wadbro J. Ostergren P.O. Recreational values of the natural environment in relation to neighbourhood satisfaction, physical activity, obesity and wellbeing J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2008 62 e2 10.1136/jech.2007.062414 18365329 · DOI
  74. [91]Brindley P. Jorgensen A. Maheswaran R. Domestic gardens and self-reported health: A national population study Int. J. Health Geogr. 2018 17 31 10.1186/s12942-018-0148-6 30064435 PMC6069855 · DOI
  75. [92]Brown S.C. Lombard J. Wang K. Byrne M.M. Toro M. Plater-Zyberk E. Feaster D.J. Kardys J. Nardi M.I. Perez-Gomez G. Neighborhood greenness and chronic health conditions in medicare beneficiaries Am. J. Prev. Med. 2016 51 78 89 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.02.008 27061891 · DOI
  76. [93]Browning M.H.E.M. Rigolon A. Do income, race and ethnicity, and sprawl influence the greenspace-human health link in city-level analyses? Findings from 496 cities in the United States Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 15 1541 10.3390/ijerph15071541 PMC6068800 30037037 · DOI
  77. [94]Casey J.A. James P. Rudolph K.E. Wu C.D. Schwartz B.S. Greenness and birth outcomes in a range of Pennsylvania communities Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016 13 311 10.3390/ijerph13030311 PMC4808974 26978381 · DOI
  78. [95]Coppel G. Wüstemann H. The impact of urban green space on health in Berlin, Germany: Empirical findings and implications for urban planning Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2017 167 410 418 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.06.015 · DOI
  79. [96]Crouse D.L. Pinault L. Balram A. Hystad P. Peters P.A. Chen H. van Donkelaar A. Martin R.V. Ménard R. Robichaud A. Urban greenness and mortality in Canada’s largest cities: A national cohort study Lancet Planet. Heal. 2017 1 e289 e297 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30118-3 29851627 · DOI
  80. [97]Cummins S. Fagg J. Does greener mean thinner? Associations between neighbourhood greenspace and weight status among adults in England Int. J. Obes. 2012 36 1108 1113 10.1038/ijo.2011.195 21986707 · DOI
  81. [98]Cusack L. Larkin A. Carozza S.E. Hystad P. Associations between multiple green space measures and birth weight across two US cities Heal. Place 2017 47 36 43 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.07.002 28711859 · DOI
  82. [99]Cusack L. Larkin A. Carozza S.E. Hystad P. Associations between residential greenness and birth outcomes across Texas Environ. Res. 2017 152 88 95 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.003 27743971 · DOI
  83. [100]Cusack L. Sbihi H. Larkin A. Chow A. Brook J.R. Moraes T. Mandhane P.J. Becker A.B. Azad M.B. Subbarao P. Residential green space and pathways to term birth weight in the Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development (CHILD) Study Int. J. Health Geogr. 2018 17 43 10.1186/s12942-018-0160-x 30514315 PMC6280529 · DOI
  84. [101]Da Silveira I.H. Junger W.L. Green spaces and mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in the city of Rio de Janeiro Rev. Saude Publica 2018 52 49 10.11606/S1518-8787.2018052000290 29723390 PMC5947462 · DOI
  85. [102]Dadvand P. de Nazelle A. Figueras F. Basagaña X. Su J. Amoly E. Jerrett M. Vrijheid M. Sunyer J. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Green space, health inequality and pregnancy Environ. Int. 2012 40 110 115 10.1016/j.envint.2011.07.004 21824657 · DOI
  86. [103]Dadvand P. Sunyer J. Basagaña X. Ballester F. Lertxundi A. Fernández-Somoano A. Estarlich M. García-Esteban R. Mendez M.A. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Surrounding greenness and pregnancy outcomes in four Spanish birth cohorts Environ. Health Perspect. 2012 120 1481 1487 10.1289/ehp.1205244 22899599 PMC3491948 · DOI · Paper page
  87. [104]Dadvand P. Villanueva C.M. Font-Ribera L. Martinez D. Basagaña X. Belmonte J. Vrijheid M. Gražuleviciene R. Kogevinas M. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Risks and benefits of green spaces for children: A cross-sectional study of associations with sedentary behavior, obesity, asthma, and allergy Environ. Health Perspect. 2014 122 1329 1336 10.1289/ehp.1308038 25157960 PMC4256701 · DOI · Paper page
  88. [106]Dadvand P. Poursafa P. Heshmat R. Motlagh M.E. Qorbani M. Basagaña X. Kelishadi R. Use of green spaces and blood glucose in children; a population-based CASPIAN-V study Environ. Pollut. 2018 243 1134 1140 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.094 30261453 · DOI
  89. [107]D’Agostino E.M. Patel H.H. Ahmed Z. Hansen E. Sunil Mathew M. Nardi M.I. Messiah S.E. Impact of change in neighborhood racial/ethnic segregation on cardiovascular health in minority youth attending a park-based afterschool program Soc. Sci. Med. 2018 205 116 129 10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.03.038 29705630 · DOI
  90. [108]D’Agostino E.M. Patel H.H. Hansen E. Mathew M.S. Nardi M. Messiah S.E. Longitudinal analysis of cardiovascular disease risk profile in neighbourhood poverty subgroups: 5-year results from an afterschool fitness programme in the USA J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2018 72 193 201 10.1136/jech-2017-209333 29175865 · DOI
  91. [109]Dalton A.M. Jones A.P. Sharp S.J. Cooper A.J.M. Griffin S. Wareham N.J. Residential neighbourhood greenspace is associated with reduced risk of incident diabetes in older people: A prospective cohort study BMC Public Health 2016 16 1171 10.1186/s12889-016-3833-z 27863516 PMC5116148 · DOI · Paper page
  92. [110]De Keijzer C. Agis D. Ambrós A. Arévalo G. Baldasano J.M. Bande S. Barrera-Gómez J. Benach J. Cirach M. Dadvand P. The association of air pollution and greenness with mortality and life expectancy in Spain: A small-area study Environ. Int. 2017 99 170 176 10.1016/j.envint.2016.11.009 27871798 · DOI
  93. [112]Demoury C. Thierry B. Richard H. Sigler B. Kestens Y. Parent M.E. Residential greenness and risk of prostate cancer: A case-control study in Montreal, Canada Environ. Int. 2017 98 129 136 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.024 27823799 · DOI
  94. [113]Donovan G.H. Butry D.T. Michael Y.L. Prestemon J.P. Liebhold A.M. Gatziolis D. Mao M.Y. The relationship between trees and human health: Evidence from the spread of the emerald ash borer Am. J. Prev. Med. 2013 44 139 145 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.066 23332329 · DOI
  95. [114]Donovan G.H. Gatziolis D. Longley I. Douwes J. Vegetation diversity protects against childhood asthma: Results from a large New Zealand birth cohort Nat. Plants 2018 4 358 364 10.1038/s41477-018-0151-8 29735984 · DOI
  96. [115]Dzhambov A.M. Markevych I. Lercher P. Greenspace seems protective of both high and low blood pressure among residents of an Alpine valley Environ. Int. 2018 121 443 452 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.044 30273867 · DOI
  97. [116]Ebisu K. Holford T.R. Bell M.L. Association between greenness, urbanicity, and birth weight Sci. Total Environ. 2016 542 750 756 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.111 26546769 PMC4670829 · DOI
  98. [117]Egorov A.I. Griffin S.M. Converse R.R. Styles J.N. Sams E.A. Wilson A. Jackson L.E. Wade T.J. Vegetated land cover near residence is associated with reduced allostatic load and improved biomarkers of neuroendocrine, metabolic and immune functions Environ. Res. 2017 158 508 521 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.009 28709033 PMC5941947 · DOI
  99. [118]Eldeirawi K. Kunzweiler C. Zenk S. Finn P. Nyenhuis S. Rosenberg N. Persky V. Associations of urban greenness with asthma and respiratory symptoms in Mexican American children Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2019 122 289 295 10.1016/j.anai.2018.12.009 30557617 · DOI
  100. [119]Fan M. Jin Y. Do neighborhood parks and playgrounds reduce childhood obesity? Am. J. Agric. Econ. 2014 96 26 42 10.1093/ajae/aat047 · DOI
  101. [120]Fong K.C. Kloog I. Coull B.A. Koutrakis P. Laden F. Schwartz J.D. James P. Residential greenness and birthweight in the state of Massachusetts, USA Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 15 1248 10.3390/ijerph15061248 29895795 PMC6025231 · DOI
  102. [121]Foster B.A. Weinstein K. Moderating effects of components of resilience on obesity across income strata in the National Survey of Children’s Health Acad. Pediatr. 2019 19 58 66 10.1016/j.acap.2018.08.012 30172917 PMC6357954 · DOI
  103. [122]Gidlow C.J. Smith G. Martinez D. Wilson R. Trinder P. Gražulevičiene R. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Research note: Natural environments and prescribing in England Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2016 151 103 108 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.02.002 · DOI
  104. [123]Glazer K.B. Eliot M.N. Danilack V.A. Carlson L. Phipps M.G. Dadvand P. Savitz D.A. Wellenius G.A. Residential green space and birth outcomes in a coastal setting Environ. Res. 2018 163 97 107 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.006 29433021 PMC5878729 · DOI
  105. [124]Groenewegen P.P. Zock J.P. Spreeuwenberg P. Helbich M. Hoek G. Ruijsbroek A. Strak M. Verheij R. Volker B. Waverijn G. Neighbourhood social and physical environment and general practitioner assessed morbidity Heal. Place 2018 49 68 84 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.11.006 29227885 · DOI
  106. [125]Hobbs M. Green M.A. Griffiths C. Jordan H. Saunders J. Grimmer H. McKenna J. Access and quality of parks and associations with obesity: A cross-sectional study SSM Popul. Heal. 2017 3 722 729 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.007 29349259 PMC5769035 · DOI
  107. [126]Hobbs M. Griffiths C. Green M.A. Jordan H. Saunders J. McKenna J. Associations between the combined physical activity environment, socioeconomic status, and obesity: A cross-sectional study Perspect. Public Health 2018 138 169 172 10.1177/1757913917748353 29281499 · DOI
  108. [127]Hughey S.M. Kaczynski A.T. Child S. Moore J.B. Porter D. Hibbert J. Green and lean: Is neighborhood park and playground availability associated with youth obesity? Variations by gender, socioeconomic status, and race/ethnicity Prev. Med. 2017 95 S101 S108 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.024 27932053 · DOI
  109. [128]Hystad P. Davies H.W. Frank L. Van Loon J. Gehring U. Tamburic L. Brauer M. Residential Greenness and Birth Outcomes: Evaluating the Influence of Spatially Correlated Built-Environment Factors Environ. Health Perspect. 2014 122 1095 1102 10.1289/ehp.1308049 25014041 PMC4181932 · DOI
  110. [129]James P. Hart J.E. Banay R.F. Laden F. Exposure to greenness and mortality in a nationwide prospective cohort study of women Environ. Health Perspect. 2016 124 1344 1352 10.1289/ehp.1510363 27074702 PMC5010419 · DOI
  111. [130]Ji J.S. Zhu A. Bai C. Wu C.D. Yan L. Tang S. Zeng Y. James P. Residential greenness and mortality in oldest-old women and men in China: A longitudinal cohort study Lancet Planet. Heal. 2019 3 e17 e25 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30264-X PMC6358124 30654864 · DOI
  112. [131]Jilcott Pitts S.B. Edwards M.B. Moore J.B. Shores K.A. Dubose Drowatzky K. McGranahan D. Obesity is inversely associated with natural amenities and recreation facilities per capita J. Phys. Act. Health 2013 10 1032 1038 10.1123/jpah.10.7.1032 23136370 · DOI
  113. [132]Kihal-Talantikite W. Padilla C.M. Lalloué B. Gelormini M. Zmirou-Navier D. Deguen S. Green space, social inequalities and neonatal mortality in France BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013 13 191 10.1186/1471-2393-13-191 24139283 PMC4015785 · DOI
  114. [133]Kling H.E. D’Agostino E.M. Booth J.V. Patel H. Hansen E. Mathew M.S. Messiah S.E. The effect of a park-based physical activity program on cardiovascular, strength, and mobility outcomes among a sample of racially/ethnically diverse adults aged 55 or older Prev. Chronic Dis. 2018 15 E166 10.5888/pcd15.180326 30589639 · DOI
  115. [134]Lachowycz K. Jones A.P. Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace andlower mortality? Soc. Sci. Med. 2014 107 9 17 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.023 24602966 PMC4005016 · DOI
  116. [135]Lovasi G.S. Bader M.D.M. Quinn J. Neckerman K.M. Weiss C. Rundle A. Body mass index, safety hazards, and neighborhood attractiveness Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012 43 378 384 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.018 22992355 PMC3593726 · DOI
  117. [136]Maas J. Verheij R.A. Groenewegen P.P. De Vries S. Spreeuwenberg P.P. Green space, urbanity, and health: How strong is the relation? J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2006 60 587 592 10.1136/jech.2005.043125 16790830 PMC2566234 · DOI · Paper page
  118. [137]Maas J. Verheij R.A. De Vries S. Spreeuwenberg P. Schellevis F.G. Groenewegen P.P. Morbidity is related to a green living environment J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2009 63 967 973 10.1136/jech.2008.079038 19833605 · DOI · Paper page
  119. [138]Markevych I. Fuertes E. Tiesler C.M.T. Birk M. Bauer C.P. Koletzko S. von Berg A. Berdel D. Heinrich J. Surrounding greenness and birth weight: Results from the GINIplus and LISAplus birth cohorts in Munich Heal. Place 2014 26 39 46 10.1016/j.healthplace.2013.12.001 24361636 · DOI
  120. [139]Mena C. Fuentes E. Ormazábal Y. Palomo-Vélez G. Palomo I. Role of access to parks and markets with anthropometric measurements, biological markers, and a healthy lifestyle Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2015 25 373 383 10.1080/09603123.2014.958134 25236622 · DOI
  121. [140]Mitchell R. Popham F. Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: An observational population study Lancet 2008 372 1655 1660 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X 18994663 · DOI · Paper page
  122. [141]Mueller N. Rojas-Rueda D. Khreis H. Cirach M. Milà C. Espinosa A. Foraster M. McEachan R.R.C. Kelly B. Wright J. Socioeconomic inequalities in urban and transport planning related exposures and mortality: A health impact assessment study for Bradford, UK Environ. Int. 2018 121 931 941 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.017 30347375 · DOI
  123. [142]Nichani V. Dirks K. Burns B. Bird A. Morton S. Grant C. Green space and pregnancy outcomes: Evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand Heal. Place 2017 46 21 28 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.04.007 28463707 · DOI
  124. [143]Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Gascon M. Martinez D. Ponjoan A. Blanch J. Garcia-Gil M.D.M. Ramos R. Foraster M. Mueller N. Espinosa A. Air pollution, noise, blue space, and green space and premature mortality in Barcelona: A mega cohort Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 15 2405 10.3390/ijerph15112405 PMC6265844 30380717 · DOI
  125. [144]Orioli R. Antonucci C. Scortichini M. Cerza F. Marando F. Ancona C. Manes F. Davoli M. Michelozzi P. Forastiere F. Exposure to residential greenness as a predictor of cause-specific mortality and stroke incidence in the rome longitudinal study Environ. Health Perspect. 2019 127 027002 10.1289/EHP2854 PMC6752936 30775931 · DOI
  126. [145]Persson A. Pyko A. Lind T. Bellander T. Östenson C.G. Pershagen G. Eriksson C. Lõhmus M. Urban residential greenness and adiposity: A cohort study in Stockholm County Environ. Int. 2018 121 832 841 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.009 30342414 · DOI
  127. [146]Petraviciene I. Grazuleviciene R. Andrusaityte S. Dedele A. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Impact of the social and natural environment on preschool-age children weight Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 15 449 10.3390/ijerph15030449 29510565 PMC5876994 · DOI
  128. [147]Pun V.C. Manjourides J. Suh H.H. Association of neighborhood greenness with self-perceived stress, depression and anxiety symptoms in older U.S adults Environ. Heal. A Glob. Access Sci. Source 2018 17 39 10.1186/s12940-018-0381-2 29661194 PMC5902952 · DOI
  129. [148]Reid C.E. Clougherty J.E. Shmool J.L.C. Kubzansky L.D. Is all urban green space the same? A comparison of the health benefits of trees and grass in New York city Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017 14 1411 10.3390/ijerph14111411 29156551 PMC5708050 · DOI
  130. [149]Richardson E.A. Shortt N.K. Mitchell R. Pearce J. A sibling study of whether maternal exposure to different types of natural space is related to birthweight Int. J. Epidemiol. 2018 47 146 155 10.1093/ije/dyx258 29253203 PMC5837571 · DOI
  131. [150]Rossi C.E. Correa E.N. das Neves J. Gabriel C.G. Benedet J. Rech C.R. de Assis Guedas de Vasconcelos F. Body mass index and association with use of and distance from places for physical activity and active leisure among schoolchildren in Brazil. Cross-sectional study Sao Paulo Med. J. 2018 136 228 236 10.1590/1516-3180.2017.0347020118 29924287 PMC9907737 · DOI
  132. [151]Rossi C.E. De Fragas H.P. Corrêa E.N. Das Neves J. De Assis Guedes De Vasconcelos F. Association between food, physical activity, and social assistance environments and the body mass index of schoolchildren from different socioeconomic strata J. Public Health 2019 41 E25 E34 10.1093/pubmed/fdy086 29846685 · DOI
  133. [152]Sarkar C. Residential greenness and adiposity: Findings from the UK Biobank Environ. Int. 2017 106 1 10 10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.016 28551493 · DOI
  134. [153]Schalkwijk A.A.H. Van Der Zwaard B.C. Nijpels G. Elders P.J.M. Platt L. The impact of greenspace and condition of the neighbourhood on child overweight Eur. J. Public Health 2018 28 88 94 10.1093/eurpub/ckx037 28371876 · DOI
  135. [154]Schuler B.R. O’Reilly N. Child development and the community environment: Understanding overweight across the income gradient Child. Obes. 2017 13 479 489 10.1089/chi.2017.0025 28759255 · DOI
  136. [155]Seo S. Choi S. Kim K. Kim S.M. Park S.M. Association between urban green space and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A longitudinal study in seven Korean metropolitan areas Environ. Int. 2019 125 51 57 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.038 30703611 · DOI
  137. [156]Singh G.K. Siahpush M. Kogan M.D. Neighborhood socioeconomic conditions, built environments, and childhood obesity Health Aff. 2010 29 503 512 10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0730 20194993 · DOI
  138. [157]Sullivan S.M. Brashear M.M. Broyles S.T. Rung A.L. Neighborhood environments and obesity among Afro-Caribbean, African American, and Non-Hispanic white adults in the United States: Results from the National Survey of American Life Prev. Med. 2014 61 1 5 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.12.023 24378205 · DOI
  139. [158]Thiering E. Markevych I. Brüske I. Fuertes E. Kratzsch J. Sugiri D. Hoffmann B. Von Berg A. Bauer C.P. Koletzko S. Associations of residential long-term air pollution exposures and satellite-derived greenness with insulin resistance in German adolescents Environ. Health Perspect. 2016 124 1291 1298 10.1289/ehp.1509967 26863688 PMC4977044 · DOI · Paper page
  140. [159]Triguero-Mas M. Dadvand P. Cirach M. Martínez D. Medina A. Mompart A. Basagaña X. Gražulevičiene R. Nieuwenhuijsen M.J. Natural outdoor environments and mental and physical health: Relationships and mechanisms Environ. Int. 2015 77 35 41 10.1016/j.envint.2015.01.012 25638643 · DOI · Paper page
  141. [160]Van Der Zwaard B.C. Schalkwijk A.A.H. Elders P.J.M. Platt L. Nijpels G. Does environment influence childhood BMI? A longitudinal analysis of children aged 3-11 J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2018 72 1110 1116 10.1136/jech-2018-210701 30171084 · DOI
  142. [161]Vienneau D. de Hoogh K. Faeh D. Kaufmann M. Wunderli J.M. Röösli M. The SNC Study Group More than clean air and tranquillity: Residential green is independently associated with decreasing mortality Environ. Int. 2017 108 176 184 10.1016/j.envint.2017.08.012 28863390 · DOI
  143. [162]Villeneuve P.J. Jerrett M. Su J.G. Burnett R.T. Chen H. Wheeler A.J. Goldberg M.S. A cohort study relating urban green space with mortality in Ontario, Canada Environ. Res. 2012 115 51 58 10.1016/j.envres.2012.03.003 22483437 · DOI
  144. [163]Villeneuve P.J. Jerrett M. Su J.G. Weichenthal S. Sandler D.P. Association of residential greenness with obesity and physical activity in a US cohort of women Environ. Res. 2018 160 372 384 10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.005 29059619 PMC5872815 · DOI
  145. [164]Wang Q. Lan Z. Park green spaces, public health and social inequalities: Understanding the interrelationships for policy implications Land Use Policy 2019 83 66 74 10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.01.026 · DOI
  146. [165]Wen M. Kowaleski-Jones L. The built environment and risk of obesity in the United States: Racial-ethnic disparities Health Place 2012 18 1314 1322 10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.09.002 23099113 PMC3501580 · DOI
  147. [166]Wilker E.H. Wu C.D. McNeely E. Mostofsky E. Spengler J. Wellenius G.A. Mittleman M.A. Green space and mortality following ischemic stroke Environ. Res. 2014 133 42 48 10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.005 24906067 PMC4151551 · DOI
  148. [167]Wu J. Rappazzo K.M. Simpson R.J. Joodi G. Pursell I.W. Mounsey J.P. Cascio W.E. Jackson L.E. Exploring links between greenspace and sudden unexpected death: A spatial analysis Environ. Int. 2018 113 114 121 10.1016/j.envint.2018.01.021 29421400 PMC5866237 · DOI
  149. [168]Xu L. Ren C. Yuan C. Nichol J.E. Goggins W.B. An ecological study of the association between area-level green space and adult mortality in Hong Kong Climate 2017 5 55 10.3390/cli5030055 · DOI
  150. [169]Yang B.-Y. Markevych I. Bloom M.S. Heinrich J. Guo Y. Morawska L. Dharmage S.C. Knibbs L.D. Jalaludin B. Jalava P. Community greenness, blood pressure, and hypertension in urban dwellers: The 33 Communities Chinese Health Study Environ. Int. 2019 126 727 734 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.068 30878868 · DOI
  151. [170]Yang B.-Y. Markevych I. Heinrich J. Bowatte G. Bloom M.S. Guo Y. Dharmage S.C. Jalaludin B. Knibbs L.D. Morawska L. Associations of greenness with diabetes mellitus and glucose-homeostasis markers: The 33 Communities Chinese Health Study Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2019 222 283 290 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.12.001 30545606 · DOI
  152. [171]Yeager R. Riggs D.W. DeJarnett N. Tollerud D.J. Wilson J. Conklin D.J. O’Toole T.E. McCracken J. Lorkiewicz P. Xie Z. Association between residential greenness and cardiovascular disease risk J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2018 7 e009117 10.1161/JAHA.118.009117 30561265 PMC6405613 · DOI
  153. [172]Yitshak-Sade M. James P. Kloog I. Hart J.E. Schwartz J.D. Laden F. Lane K.J. Fabian M.P. Fong K.C. Zanobetti A. Neighborhood greenness attenuates the adverse effect of PM2.5 on cardiovascular mortality in neighborhoods of lower socioeconomic status Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 16 814 10.3390/ijerph16050814 PMC6427452 30845676 · DOI
  154. [173]Marselle M.R. Hartig T. Cox D.T.C. de Bell S. Knapp S. Lindley S. Triguero-Mas M. Böhning-Gaese K. Braubach M. Cook P.A. Pathways linking biodiversity to human health: A conceptual framework Environ. Int. 2021 150 106420 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106420 33556912 · DOI
  155. [174]Chiabai A. Quiroga S. Martinez-Juarez P. Suárez C. García de Jalón S. Taylor T. Exposure to green areas: Modeling health benefits in a context of study heterogeneity Ecol. Econ. 2020 167 106401 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.106401 · DOI
  156. [175]Asri A.K. Yu C.P. Pan W.C. Guo Y.L. Su H.J. Lung S.C.C. Wu C.D. Spengler J.D. Global greenness in relation to reducing the burden of cardiovascular diseases: Ischemic heart disease and stroke Environ. Res. Lett. 2020 15 124003 10.1088/1748-9326/abbbaf · DOI
  157. [177]Jones A.P. Hillsdon M. Coombes E. Greenspace access, use, and physical activity: Understanding the effects of area deprivation Prev. Med. 2009 49 500 505 10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.10.012 19857513 PMC3748371 · DOI
  158. [178]Cohen D.A. Inagami S. Finch B. The built environment and collective efficacy Heal. Place 2008 14 198 208 10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.06.001 PMC2684872 17644395 · DOI
  159. [179]Larson L.R. Jennings V. Cloutier S.A. Public parks and wellbeing in urban areas of the United States PLoS ONE 2016 11 e0153211 10.1371/journal.pone.0153211 27054887 PMC4824524 · DOI
  160. [181]Gobster P.H. Managing urban parks for a racially and ethnically diverse clientele Leis. Sci. 2002 24 143 159 10.1080/01490400252900121 · DOI
  161. [182]Hordyk S.R. Hanley J. Richard É. “Nature is there; its free”: Urban greenspace and the social determinants of health of immigrant families Heal. Place 2015 34 74 82 10.1016/j.healthplace.2015.03.016 25957925 · DOI
  162. [183]Browning M.H.E.M. Lee K. Within what distance does “greenness” best predict physical health? A systematic review of articles with gis buffer analyses across the lifespan Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017 14 675 10.3390/ijerph14070675 PMC5551113 28644420 · DOI
  163. [184]Yang Y. Diez-Roux A.V. Walking distance by trip purpose and population subgroups Am. J. Prev. Med. 2012 43 11 19 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.03.015 22704740 PMC3377942 · DOI
  164. [185]Alesina A. Glaeser E. Sacerdote B. Why doesn’t the United States have a European-style welfare state? Brook. Pap. Econ. Act. 2001 2 187 277 10.1353/eca.2001.0014 · DOI
  165. [186]Harris B. Schmalz D. Larson L.R. Fernandez M. Fear of the unknown: Examining neighborhood stigma’s effect on urban greenway use and surrounding communities Urban. Aff. Rev. 2020 10.1177/1078087420909529 · DOI
  166. [187]Low S. Taplin D. Scheld S. Rethinking Urban. Parks: Public Space and Cultural Diversity University of Texas Press Austin, TX, USA 2005
  167. [188]McDaid D. Sassi F. Merkur S. Promoting Health and Preventing Disease: The Economic Case Open University Press Maidenhead, UK 2020
  168. [190]Garrett J.K. Clitherow T.J. White M.P. Wheeler B.W. Fleming L.E. Coastal proximity and mental health among urban adults in England: The moderating effect of household income Heal. Place 2019 59 102200 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102200 31582294 · DOI
  169. [191]Lambert K.A. Bowatte G. Tham R. Lodge C. Prendergast L. Heinrich J. Abramson M.J. Dharmage S.C. Erbas B. Residential greenness and allergic respiratory diseases in children and adolescents—A systematic review and meta-analysis Environ. Res. 2017 159 212 221 10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.002 28803150 · DOI
  170. [192]Lambert K.A. Bowatte G. Tham R. Lodge C.J. Prendergast L.A. Heinrich J. Abramson M.J. Dharmage S.C. Erbas B. Greenspace and atopic sensitization in children and adolescents—a systematic review Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 15 2539 10.3390/ijerph15112539 PMC6265981 30428525 · DOI
  171. [193]Markevych I. Ludwig R. Baumbach C. Standl M. Heinrich J. Herberth G. de Hoogh K. Pritsch K. Weikl F. Residing near allergenic trees can increase risk of allergies later in life: LISA Leipzig study Environ. Res. 2020 191 110132 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110132 32853665 · DOI
  172. [194]Dzhambov A.M. Lercher P. Rüdisser J. Browning M.H.E.M. Markevych I. Allergic symptoms in association with naturalness, greenness, and greyness: A cross-sectional study in schoolchildren in the Alps Environ. Res. 2020 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110456 33188758 · DOI
  173. [195]Boone-Heinonen J. Gordon-Larsen P. Guilkey D.K. Jacobs D.R. Popkin B.M. Environment and physical activity dynamics: The role of residential self-selection Psychol. Sport Exerc. 2011 12 54 60 10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.09.003 21516236 PMC3079234 · DOI
  174. [196]Cao X. Handy S.L. Mokhtarian P.L. The influences of the built environment and residential self-selection on pedestrian behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX Transportation 2006 33 1 20 10.1007/s11116-005-7027-2 · DOI
  175. [197]Handy S. Cao X. Mokhtarian P.L. Self-selection in the relationship between the built environment and walking: Empirical evidence from Northern California J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2006 72 55 74 10.1080/01944360608976724 · DOI
  176. [198]Dendup T. Astell-Burt T. Feng X. Residential self-selection, perceived built environment and type 2 diabetes incidence: A longitudinal analysis of 36,224 middle to older age adults Heal. Place 2019 58 102154 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102154 31234122 · DOI
  177. [201]Cole H.V.S. Garcia Lamarca M. Connolly J.J.T. Anguelovski I. Are green cities healthy and equitable? Unpacking the relationship between health, green space and gentrification J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2017 71 1118 1121 10.1136/jech-2017-209201 28822977 · DOI · Paper page
  178. [202]WHO Regional Office for Europe Urban. Green Spaces and Health: A Review of Evidence World Health Organization Copenhagen, Denmark 2017
  179. [203]Anguelovski I. Tactical developments for achieving just and sustainable neighborhoods: The role of community-based coalitions and bottom-to-bottom networks in street, technical, and funder activism Environ. Plan. C Gov. Policy 2015 33 703 725 10.1068/c12347 · DOI
  180. [204]Rigolon A. Nonprofits and park equity in Los Angeles: A promising way forward for environmental justice Urban. Geogr. 2019 40 984 1009 10.1080/02723638.2018.1511192 · DOI
  181. [205]Rigolon A. Gibson S. The role of non-governmental organizations in achieving environmental justice for green and blue spaces Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2021 205 103970 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103970 · DOI
  182. [206]Razani N. Niknam K. Wells N.M. Thompson D. Hills N.K. Kennedy G. Gilgoff R. Rutherford G.W. Clinic and park partnerships for childhood resilience: A prospective study of park prescriptions Heal. Place 2019 57 179 185 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.04.008 31060017 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Rigolon, A., Browning, M. H. E. M., McAnirlin, O., & Yoon, H. (.
Affiliations
  • University of Utah (US)
  • Clemson University (US)
  • Department of Recreation, Sport and Tourism, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
Corresponding author
Rigolon, Alessandro
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-03-04
Volume
18
Issue
5
Pages
2563
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph18052563
PMC
PMC7967323
OpenAlex
W3135216483
Cited by
557
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 113 · 2025: 133 · 2024: 125 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 15
FWCI
7.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Urban Green Space and Health
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
  • Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Keywords
green spaces, health equity, health disparities, socioeconomic status, race and ethnicity, public parks, urban green space, physical health, environmental justice, urban planning
MeSH terms
Parks, Recreational, Health Equity, Europe, Humans, North America, Socioeconomic Factors

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review