Socioeconomic Disparities in Health in the United States: What the Patterns Tell Us
Open accessAbstract
Objectives. We aimed to describe socioeconomic disparities in the United States across multiple health indicators and socioeconomic groups. Methods. Using recent national data on 5 child (infant mortality, health status, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary adolescents) and 6 adult (life expectancy, health status, activity limitation, heart disease, diabetes, obesity) health indicators, we examined indicator rates across multiple income or education categories, overall and within racial/ethnic groups. Results. Those with the lowest income and who were least educated were consistently least healthy, but for most indicators, even groups with intermediate income and education levels were less healthy than the wealthiest and most educated. Gradient patterns were seen often among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites but less consistently among Hispanics. Conclusions. Health in the United States is often, though not invariably, patterned strongly along both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, suggesting links between hierarchies of social advantage and health. Worse health among the most socially disadvantaged argues for policies prioritizing those groups, but pervasive gradient patterns also indicate a need to address a wider socioeconomic spectrum—which may help garner political support. Routine health reporting should examine socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns, jointly and separately.
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Inequities in social, geographic, political, and health care factors contribute to differential disease and mortality risks across minoritized socioeconomic, racial and ethnic, and sexual and gender identities.
“inequities in social, geographic, political, and health care factors contribute to differential disease and mortality risks across minoritized socioeconomic, racial and ethnic, and sexual and gender identities”
From Nurse-led approaches to address social determinants of health and advance health equity: A new framework and its implications (2023) · cites this paper as Braveman et al., 2010
They also showed that SGLT2i users were younger, and SGLT2i were prescribed less frequently to women than men and Black versus White patients.
“They also showed that SGLT2i users were younger, and SGLT2i were prescribed less frequently to women than men and Black versus White patients.”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Several prior studies in patients without CKD have demonstrated lower use of these agents among Black patients.
“Several prior studies in patients without CKD have demonstrated lower use of these agents among Black patients.18,24,25”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Two recent studies analyzed the use of SGLT2i based on sociodemographic and clinical factors, but both focused on commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients without CKD.
“Two recent studies analyzed the use of SGLT2i based on sociodemographic and clinical factors. Both studies, however, focused on commercially insured and Medicare Advantage patients without CKD.”
From Disparities in SGLT2 Inhibitor or Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist Initiation Among Medicare-Insured Adults With CKD in the United States (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
Associations of SES with health outcomes are typically graded, with each step lower on the socioeconomic ladder associated with poorer outcomes.
“These associations are typically graded, with each step lower on the socioeconomic ladder associated with poorer outcomes (2).”
From Socioeconomic Status Interacts with Conscientiousness and Neuroticism to Predict Circulating Concentrations of Inflammatory Markers (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
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- Authors
- Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Williams, D. R., & Pamuk, E.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- American Public Health Association
- Published
- 2010-04
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- S1
- Pages
- S186-S196
- ISSN
- 0090-0036 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0048
- PMC
- PMC2837459
- OpenAlex
- W2138696311
- Cited by
- 1,548
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 118 · 2023: 118 · 2022: 128 · 2021: 138 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 105 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 106 · 2015: 81 · 2014: 80 · 2013: 75 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 59.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- socioeconomic inequalities in health, income, educational attainment, racial and ethnic disparities, health gradient, infant mortality, life expectancy, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary behavior, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, obesity, child health, social determinants of health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child Welfare, Child, Preschool, Female, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Social Class, United States, Health Behavior, Racial Groups, Health Status Disparities, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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