Job Demands, Resources and Strains of Outpatient Caregivers during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany: A Qualitative Study
Open accessAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected health professionals in a special way, as they are responsible for the care of vulnerable groups. Little is known about how outpatient caregivers perceive their working conditions during the pandemic in Germany and about the difficulties they face. The aims of this study were (1) to examine specific job demands of outpatient caregivers in regard to the COVID-19 pandemic, (2) to illuminate their job resources they can rely on and (3) to identify potential strain reactions they experience. Fifteen semi-structured telephone interviews were conducted with outpatient caregivers working in Northern Germany in the period May–June 2020. Interviews were analyzed by using qualitative content analysis. Outpatient caregivers experienced daily mask obligation, lack of personal protection equipment (PPE) and stricter hygiene regulations as demanding during the pandemic. They also described a higher workload and emotional demands such as fear of infection or infecting others. They perceived team spirit and communication as important work-related resources. Depressive symptoms and feelings of stress were described as strain reactions. Outpatient care services need to be better prepared for sudden pandemic situations and provide their employees with sufficient PPE and education to reduce pandemic-related job demands leading to negative strain reactions.
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The JD-R model has also been utilised for qualitative applications in attempts to explore healthcare workers' stress more deeply.
“Although the JD-R model is mainly used in quantitative approaches, it has also been utilised for qualitative applications in attempts to explore healthcare workers’ stress more deeply [33, 36, 37].”
From Paramedics’ perceptions of job demands and resources in Finnish emergency medical services: a qualitative study (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Lützerath, J., Bleier, H., Stassen, G., & Schaller, A. (2023) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-023-09106-2 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
High prevalence of burnout syndrome in Czech general practitioners: A cross-sectional survey
Štěpánek, L., Patel, M. S., Horáková, D., Juríčková, Ľ., & Býma, S. (2023) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2023.102502 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neumann, F. A., Rohwer, E., Mojtahedzadeh, N., Makarova, N., Nienhaus, A., Harth, V., Augustin, M., Mache, S., & Zyriax, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182212119 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationKwong, E. C., Liu, C. C., Adapa, K., Vizer, L. M., Anderson, B., McHugh, D., Pawlicki, T. A., Miften, M. M., Sawant, A. R., Charguia, N., et al. (2025) · Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics · doi:10.1002/acm2.70122 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perceptions of everyday life during lenient COVID-19 restrictions in Sweden- an interview study
Lindgren, I., Trulsson, A., Larsson, C., & Stigmar, K. G. E. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16599-3 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Matteson, C. L., Czaja, C. A., Kronman, M. P., Ziniel, S. I., Parker, S. K., & Dodson, D. S. (2022) · Antimicrobial Stewardship & Healthcare Epidemiology · doi:10.1017/ash.2022.24 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
van Dijk, Y., van Tol, L. S., Achterberg, W. P., Zuidema, S. U., & Janus, S. I. M. (2023) · International Journal of Nursing Studies Advances · doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2023.100163 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Health Promotion for Outpatient Careworkers in Germany
Mojtahedzadeh, N., Bernburg, M., Rohwer, E., Nienhaus, A., Groneberg, D. A., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10061148 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementing workplace health promotion in nursing – A process evaluation in different care settings
Lützerath, J., Bleier, H., Gernert, M., & Schaller, A. (2024) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-024-02272-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Schmidt-Stiedenroth, K., Mambrey, V., Dreher, A., & Loerbroks, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26689613
Schmidt-Stiedenroth, K., Mambrey, V., Dreher, A., & Loerbroks, A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26689610
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- Authors
- Mojtahedzadeh, N., Wirth, T., Nienhaus, A., Harth, V., & Mache, S.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf (DE)
- Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Mache, Stefanie
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 3684
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8036893
- OpenAlex
- W3149407295
- Cited by
- 36
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8
- FWCI
- 5.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare Systems and Challenges
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, job demands, job resources, occupational strain, personal protective equipment, hygienic standards, workload, fear of infection, depressive symptoms, stress, team spirit, communication, healthcare workers, Germany
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Germany, Humans, Outpatients, Caregivers, Pandemics
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