A Model of the Effects of Parental Illness on Youth Adjustment and Family Functioning: The Moderating Effects of Psychological Flexibility on Youth Caregiving and Stress
Open accessAbstract
Parental chronic illness may adversely impact youth and family functioning. This study examined a moderated mediation model of the effects of parental illness on youth and family functioning derived from the Family Ecology Framework. Consistent with this model, we predicted that youth caregiving and stress would serially mediate the adverse impacts of parental illness on youth adjustment and family functioning and that psychological flexibility would moderate these mediational mechanisms. A total of 387 youth, with parents affected by chronic illness, completed a questionnaire assessing parental illness severity, youth caregiving and stress, psychological flexibility, youth adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems and psychological wellbeing), and family functioning. Path analyses indicated that the adverse effects of parental illness on youth adjustment and family functioning were serially mediated by youth caregiving and stress. Psychological flexibility buffered the adverse effects of these serial mediators on youth internalizing problems and psychological wellbeing. These findings identified three potential intervention targets: youth caregiving, related stress appraisals, and psychological flexibility. Given the large body of evidence showing that acceptance and commitment therapy fosters psychological flexibility, this intervention approach has the potential to address the psychosocial and mental health vulnerabilities of youth in the context of parental illness, which constitutes a serious public health issue.
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Psychological flexibility is a protective factor associated with adaptive responses to distress and positive mental health outcomes across different contexts.
“A substantial body of evidence supports that psychological flexibility is a protective factor associated with adaptive responses to distress and positive mental health outcomes across different contexts [11,12,13].”
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- Authors
- Landi, G., Pakenham, K. I., Benassi, M., Giovagnoli, S., Tossani, E., & Grandi, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Bologna (IT)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Landi, Giulia
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-04
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 4902
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8124913
- OpenAlex
- W3158098829
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 5.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Family Support in Illness
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Keywords
- parental chronic illness, adolescent stress, psychological flexibility, youth adjustment, family functioning, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, psychological well-being, moderated mediation, acceptance and commitment therapy, family caregiving
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Humans, Mental Health, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological, Child of Impaired Parents, Caregivers, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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