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Cited by 102Sleep and Work-Related FatigueSleep and Wakefulness ResearchSleep and related disorders

Effects of a Short Daytime Nap on the Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

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Dutheil, Frédéric, Danini, Benjamin, Bagheri, Reza, Fantini, Maria Livia, Pereira, Bruno, Moustafa, Farès, Trousselard, Marion, Navel, Valentin·2021·International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
DOI 10.3390/ijerph181910212PMC PMC8507757
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Abstract

Background: Napping in the workplace is under debate, with interesting results on work efficiency and well-being of workers. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to assess the benefits of a short daytime nap on cognitive performance. Methods: PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect and PsycInfo databases were searched until 19 August 2021. Cognitive performance in working-aged adults, both before and following a daytime nap or under control conditions (no nap), was analysed by time and by type of cognitive function (alertness, executive function and memory). Results: We included 11 studies (all in laboratory conditions including one with a subgroup in working conditions) for a total of 381 participants. Mean duration of nap was 55.4 ± 29.4 min. Overall cognitive performance did not differ at baseline (t0) between groups (effect size −0.03, 95% CI −0.14 to 0.07), and improved in the nap group following the nap (t1) (0.18, 0.09 to 0.27), especially for alertness (0.29, 0.10 to 0.48). Sensitivity analyses gave similar results comparing only randomized controlled trials, and after exclusion of outliers. Whatever the model used, performance mainly improved until 120 min after nap, with conflicting results during the sleep inertia period. Early naps in the afternoon (before 1.00 p.m.) gave better cognitive performance (0.24, −0.07 to 0.34). The benefits of napping were independent of sex and age. Duration of nap and time between nap and t1 did not influence cognitive performance. Conclusions: Despite the fact that our meta-analyses included almost exclusively laboratory studies, daytime napping in the afternoon improved cognitive performance with beneficial effects of early nap. More studies in real work condition are warranted before implementing daytime napping at work as a preventive measure to improve work efficiency.

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  • Daytime napping provides cognitive benefits, enhancing alertness, reaction time, and memory retrieval.

    “However, daytime napping has been documented to provide cognitive benefits, enhancing alertness, reaction time, and memory retrieval, as evidenced by a synthesis of findings from experimental studies [17,18].”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Discussion (§4.1) says afternoon naps benefit cognitive performance, including reaction-time tasks, and the Results (§3.9) find improved alertness. The paper also discusses memory benefits, but its pooled memory estimate includes no effect, and it does not establish an improvement specifically in memory retrieval. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Prolonged sleep restriction has been linked to cognitive impairments.

    “Prolonged sleep restriction has been linked to cognitive impairments [17]”

    From Sleep and memory consolidation in healthy, neurotypical children, and adults: a summary of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2023) · cites this paper as [17]

    The Discussion (§4.2; page unavailable) addresses cognitive effects of napping and sleep inertia, not prolonged sleep restriction. Searches for sleep restriction, sleep deprivation, and related cognitive impairment found no passage in our copy that states the claimed link. (LLM, conf=0.70)

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Authors
Dutheil, F., Danini, B., Bagheri, R., Fantini, M. L., Pereira, B., Moustafa, F., Trousselard, M., & Navel, V.
Affiliations
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Clermont-Ferrand (FR)
  • University of Isfahan (IR)
  • Service de Santé des Armées (FR)
Corresponding author
Dutheil, Frédéric
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-28
Volume
18
Issue
19
Pages
10212
ISSN
1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijerph181910212
PMC
PMC8507757
OpenAlex
W3202332688
Cited by
102
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9
FWCI
1.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • HAL (submittedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
Keywords
daytime napping, short sleep duration, cognitive performance, alertness, executive function, memory, sleep inertia, afternoon nap, work efficiency, working adults
MeSH terms
Adult, Attention, Circadian Rhythm, Cognition, Humans, Middle Aged, Sleep, Executive Function

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