Relational Memory: A Daytime Nap Facilitates the Abstraction of General Concepts
Open accessAbstract
It is increasingly evident that sleep strengthens memory. However, it is not clear whether sleep promotes relational memory, resultant of the integration of disparate memory traces into memory networks linked by commonalities. The present study investigates the effect of a daytime nap, immediately after learning or after a delay, on a relational memory task that requires abstraction of general concept from separately learned items. Specifically, participants learned English meanings of Chinese characters with overlapping semantic components called radicals. They were later tested on new characters sharing the same radicals and on explicitly stating the general concepts represented by the radicals. Regardless of whether the nap occurred immediately after learning or after a delay, the nap participants performed better on both tasks. The results suggest that sleep--even as brief as a nap--facilitates the reorganization of discrete memory traces into flexible relational memory networks.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
After a nap, relational memory accuracy correlates with amount of SWS.
“Comparable results were obtained after a nap using relations between different faces paired with the same object, whereby the amount of SWS correlated with the accuracy of relational memory (705,706).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [705]
The Results > Sleep Data section reports that no significant correlation was detected between sleep parameters and task performance, contrary to the claimed SWS–accuracy correlation. The study also tested relational memory using Chinese characters, not faces paired with objects. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A New Method for Measuring Daytime Sleepiness: The Epworth Sleepiness Scale
Johns, M. W. (1991) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/14.6.540 · Cited by 17,364 · see citing works
Rechtschaffen, A. (1968) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,772 · see citing works
Hobson, J. A. (1969) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/0013-4694(69)90021-2 · Cited by 5,215 · see citing works
Reactivation of hippocampal ensemble memories during sleep
Wilson, M. A., & McNaughton, B. L. (1994) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.8036517 · Cited by 3,118 · see citing works
Sleep function and synaptic homeostasis
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2006) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002 · Cited by 2,151 · see citing works
Eichenbaum (2004) · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.028 · Cited by 1,464 · see citing works
Practice with Sleep Makes Perfect
Walker, M. P., Brakefield, T., Morgan, A., Hobson, J. A., & Stickgold, R. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00746-8 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Memory of sequential experience in the hippocampus during slow wave sleep
Lee, A. K., & Wilson, M. A. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01096-6 · Cited by 1,296 · see citing works
Daytime Sleepiness, Snoring, and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Johns, M. W. (1993) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.103.1.30 · Cited by 1,118 · see citing works
Wagner, U., Gais, S., Haider, H., Verleger, R., & Born, J. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02223 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Neuromodulation: acetylcholine and memory consolidation
Hasselmo, M. E. (1999) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01365-0 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
Obliviscence during sleep and waking
Jenkins, J. G., & Dallenbach, K. M. (1924) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1414040 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Sleep-dependent learning: A nap is as good as a night
Mednick, S., Nakayama, K., & Stickgold, R. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1078 · Cited by 594 · see citing works
Memory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective
Buzsáki, G. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.7.s1.3.x · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Human relational memory requires time and sleep
Ellenbogen, J. M., Hu, P. T., Payne, J. D., Titone, D., & Walker, M. P. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0700094104 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Naps promote abstraction in language-learning infants
Gómez, R. L., Bootzin, R. R., & Nadel, L. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01764.x · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Effects of early and late nocturnal sleep on priming and spatial memory
Plihal, W., & Born, J. (1999) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/1469-8986.3650571 · Cited by 364 · see citing works
Sleep Deprivation Impairs the Accurate Recognition of Human Emotions
van der Helm, E., Gujar, N., & Walker, M. P. (2010) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/33.3.335 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
The role of sleep in false memory formation
Payne, J. D., Schacter, D. L., Propper, R. E., Huang, L.-W., Wamsley, E. J., Tucker, M. A., Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2009) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2009.03.007 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Brain Gene Expression During REM Sleep Depends on Prior Waking ExperiencePreprint
Ribeiro, S. T. G., Goyal, V., Mello, C. V., & Pavlides, C. (1999) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.6.5.500 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Sleep Promotes Generalization of Extinction of Conditioned Fear
(2009) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep/32.1.19 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Backhaus, J., Hoeckesfeld, R., Born, J., Hohagen, F., & Junghanns, K. (2008) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2007.08.010 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Daytime napping: Effects on human direct associative and relational memory
Lau, H., Tucker, M. A., & Fishbein, W. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.02.003 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationVertes, R. P., & Siegel, J. M. (2005) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/28.10.1228 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Delayed Onset of a Daytime Nap Facilitates Retention of Declarative Memory
Alger, S. E., Lau, H., & Fishbein, W. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012131 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783 · see citing works
“Comparable results were obtained after a nap using relations between different faces paired with the same object, whereby the amount of SWS correlated with the accuracy of relational memory (705, 706).”
MethodHippocampal sharp wave-ripple: A cognitive biomarker for episodic memory and planning
Buzsáki, G. (2015) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22488 · Cited by 1,759 · see citing works
The Role of Memory Reactivation during Wakefulness and Sleep in Determining Which Memories Endure
Oudiette, D., Antony, J. W., Creery, J. D., & Paller, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5497-12.2013 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Neuronal Computation Underlying Inferential Reasoning in Humans and Mice
Barron, H. C., Reeve, H. M., Koolschijn, R. S., Perestenko, P. V., Shpektor, A., Nili, H., Rothaermel, R., Campo-Urriza, N., O’Reilly, J. X., Bannerman, D. M., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.035 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Generalization of word meanings during infant sleep
Friedrich, M., Wilhelm, I., Born, J., & Friederici, A. D. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
The reorganisation of memory during sleep
Landmann, N., Kühn, M., Piosczyk, H., Feige, B., Baglioni, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Frase, L., Riemann, D. W., Sterr, A., & Nissen, C. (2014) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.03.005 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Memory consolidation as an adaptive process
Cowan, E. T., Schapiro, A. C., Dunsmoor, J. E., & Murty, V. P. (2021) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-021-01978-x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Dreaming and offline memory consolidation
Wamsley, E. J. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0433-5 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Effects of a Short Daytime Nap on the Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Dutheil, F., Danini, B., Bagheri, R., Fantini, M. L., Pereira, B., Moustafa, F., Trousselard, M., & Navel, V. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph181910212 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sleep Benefits Memory for Semantic Category Structure While Preserving Exemplar-Specific Information
Schapiro, A. C., McDevitt, E. A., Chen, L., Norman, K. A., Mednick, S. C., & Rogers, T. T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-12884-5 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Wakefulness (Not Sleep) Promotes Generalization of Word Learning in 2.5-Year-Old Children
Werchan, D. M., & Gómez, R. L. (2013) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12149 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mehta, K. J. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Lerner, I., & Gluck, M. A. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.05.004 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Caveats on psychological models of sleep and memory: A compass in an overgrown scenario
Conte, F., & Ficca, G. (2012) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2012.04.001 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cysteinyl Leukotrienes as Potential Pharmacological Targets for Cerebral Diseases
Gelosa, P., Colazzo, F., Tremoli, E., Sironi, L., & Castiglioni, L. (2017) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2017/3454212 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Daytime Nap Facilitates Generalization of Word Meanings in Young Toddlers
Horváth, K., Liu, S., & Plunkett, K. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5348 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Generalizing memories over time: Sleep and reinforcement facilitate transitive inference
Werchan, D. M., & Gómez, R. L. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.12.006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Systematic review and meta-analyses on the effects of afternoon napping on cognition
Leong, R. L. F., Lo, J. C.-Y., & Chee, M. W. L. (2022) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101666 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Alger, S. E., & Payne, J. D. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0460-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Role of Sleep in Human Declarative Memory Consolidation
Alger, S. E., Chambers, A. M., Cunningham, T. J., & Payne, J. D. (2014) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2014_341 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationMirković, J., & Gaskell, M. G. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152489 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
A neural network account of memory replay and knowledge consolidation
Barry, D. N., & Love, B. C. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac054 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Generalization from episodic memories across time: A route for semantic knowledge acquisition
Sweegers, C. C. G., & Talamini, L. M. (2014) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2014.07.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Chatburn, A., Lushington, K., & Kohler, M. J. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.018 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The effects of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation in producing false memories
Chatburn, A., Kohler, M. J., Payne, J. D., & Drummond, S. P. A. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.11.017 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The role of daytime napping in declarative memory performance: a systematic review
Farhadian, N., Khazaie, H., Nami, M., & Khazaie, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.05.019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Neurophysiological Basis of Sleep’s Function on Memory and Cognition
Spencer, R. M. C. (2013) · ISRN Physiology · doi:10.1155/2013/619319 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Slow-wave sleep during a brief nap is related to reduced cognitive deficits during sleep deprivation
Stepan, M. E., Altmann, E. M., & Fenn, K. M. (2021) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsab152 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Taylor, J. E., Cortese, A., Barron, H. C., Pan, X., Sakagami, M., & Zeithamová, D. (2021) · Neurons Behavior Data analysis and Theory · doi:10.51628/001c.27687 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Do different salience cues compete for dominance in memory over a daytime nap?
Alger, S. E., Chen, S., & Payne, J. D. (2018) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2018.06.005 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationReplay shapes abstract cognitive maps for efficient social navigation
Son, J.-Y., Vives, M., Bhandari, A., & FeldmanHall, O. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-024-01990-w · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Examining the effects of time of day and sleep on generalization
Tandoc, M. C., Bayda, M., Poskanzer, C., Cho, E., Cox, R., Stickgold, R., & Schapiro, A. C. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255423 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Testing enhances both memorization and conceptual learning of categorical materials.
Cho, K. W., & Powers, A. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.01.003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Negative reinforcement impairs overnight memory consolidationPreprint
Stamm, A., Nguyen, N. D., Seicol, B. J., Fagan, A., Angela, O., Drumm, M., Lundt, M., Stickgold, R., & Wamsley, E. J. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.035196.114 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hennies, N., Lewis, P. A., Durrant, S. J., Cousins, J. N., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.08.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Wise, M. (2018) · New Review of Academic Librarianship · doi:10.1080/13614533.2018.1431948 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gist extraction and sleep in 12-month-old infants
Konrad, C., Herbert, J. S., Schneider, S., & Seehagen, S. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.08.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Role of Sleep in Formation of Relational Associative Memory
Tadros, T., & Bazhenov, M. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2044-21.2022 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Overnight sleep benefits both neutral and negative direct associative and relational memory
Huguet, M., Payne, J. D., Kim, S. Y., & Alger, S. E. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-019-00746-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWitkowski, S., Schechtman, E., & Paller, K. A. (2020) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2020.01.007 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cued Memory Reactivation During SWS Abolishes the Beneficial Effect of Sleep on Abstraction
Hennies, N., Ralph, M. A. L., Durrant, S. J., Cousins, J. N., & Lewis, P. A. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx102 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Sleep enhances a spatially mediated generalization of learned valuesPreprint
Javadi, A., Tolat, A., & Spiers, H. J. (2015) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.038828.115 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Slow-wave sleep and REM sleep differentially contribute to memory representational transformation
Liu, J., Chen, D., Xia, T., Zeng, S., Xue, G., & Hu, X. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08812-3 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Chatburn, A., Lushington, K., & Kohler, M. J. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107384 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Normative data for Chinese-English paired associates
Cho, K. W., Tse, C.-S., & Chan, Y.-L. (2020) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-019-01240-2 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Does memory reactivation during sleep support generalization at the cost of memory specifics?
Witkowski, S., Noh, S. M., Lee, V., Grimaldi, D., Preston, A. R., & Paller, K. A. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107442 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sleep-Driven Computations in Speech Processing
Frost, R. L. A., & Padraic Monaghan, B. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0169538 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
A role for consolidation in cross-modal category learning
Ashton, J. E., Jefferies, E., & Gaskell, M. G. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.11.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ill-Defined Problem Solving Does Not Benefit From Daytime Napping
Hołda, M., Głodek, A., Dankiewicz-Berger, M., Skrzypińska, D., & Szmigielska, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00559 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Age differences in generalization, memory specificity, and their overnight fate in childhood
Buchberger, E. S., Joechner, A., Ngo, C. T., Lindenberger, U., & Werkle‐Bergner, M. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14089 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Generalisation in language learning can withstand total sleep deprivation
Tamminen, J., Newbury, C. R., Crowley, R., Vinals, L., Cevoli, B., & Rastle, K. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107274 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shaikh, N., & Coulthard, E. J. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12728 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The Cognitive Psychology of Sleep and Memory
Alger, S. E., Pardilla‐Delgado, E., Mattingly, S. M., Cunningham, T. J., & Payne, J. D. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21062-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep and Memory Formation in Drosophila
Dissel, S., & Shaw, P. J. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.21033-x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Maier, M., & Rahman, R. A. (2024) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12631 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Stimulus variability improves generalization following response inhibition training
Moshon-Cohen, T. E., Weinbach, N., & Bitan, T. (2024) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/s00426-023-01913-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Influences of learned verbal labels and sleep on temporal event memory
Wang, Y., Gaskell, M. G., & Gennari, S. P. (2024) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2024.104529 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Neuroimaging Findings for the Overnight Consolidation of Learned Non-native Speech Sounds
Earle, F. S., Molfese, P. J., & Myers, E. B. (2024) · Neurobiology of Language · doi:10.1162/nol_a_00157 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Memory reactivation during rest forms shortcuts in a cognitive map
Shearer, C. M., Rawson, A. B., Barron, H. C., & O’Reilly, J. X. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-06742-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The influence of prior knowledge on memory consolidation
Reid, A. M. (2013) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Drews, H. J. (2021) · Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour · doi:10.1111/jtsb.12268 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Roshchupkina, A. (2016) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Alger, S. E., & Payne, J. D. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn104 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationThe borderland between wakefulness and sleep, a doorway into creativity
Lacaux, C. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a9f3460dz3d02z42aczad97zf8c513812801 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Effects of Sleep on Memory Consolidation and Automaticity in Word Learning
Tham, E. K. H. (2014) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
The role of sleep in the consolidation of rewarded and relational memory
Gaggioni, G. (2012) · ORBi (University of Liège)
Reinforcing Language Learning During Sleep
Schreiner, T., Lehmann, M., & Rasch, B. (2017) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45066-7_21
The Role of Consolidation in Conceptual Memory
Ashton, J. E. (2017) · White Rose eTheses Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York)
Mechanisms of systems consolidation and their behavioral consequence
Tompary, A., & Murty, V. P. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15754-7.00054-7
Neural mechanisms of cognitive generalization across species: From hippocampus to cortex
Quan, Z., Song, D. F., & Qing, H. (2025) · Brain medicine : · doi:10.61373/bm025w.0047
Caldwell, H. B., Lushington, K., & Chatburn, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.15.670466
- Authors
- Lau, H., Alger, S. E., & Fishbein, W.
- Affiliations
- City College of New York (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lau, Hiuyan
- ORCID
- Alger, Sara E.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2011-11-16
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e27139
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3217953
- OpenAlex
- W2000825479
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- City University of New York
- Research Foundation of The City University of New York
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- relational memory, daytime napping, sleep-dependent memory consolidation, Chinese character learning, radicals, semantic integration, memory reorganization
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cues, Humans, Male, Memory, Motivation, Sleep, Time Factors, Vocabulary, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
