Flow Experience Is a Key Factor in the Likelihood of Adolescents’ Problematic TikTok Use: The Moderating Role of Active Parental Mediation
Open accessAbstract
TikTok use and overuse have grown rapidly in recent years among adolescents. However, risk factors for problematic TikTok use are still largely unknown. In addition, drawing on the flow theory and parental mediation theory, this study aims to examine how adolescents’ perceptions of enjoyment, concentration, and time distortion affect their problematic TikTok use behavior. Further, we examined the moderating effect of active parental mediation. An online survey in China received responses from a sample of 633 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 19 (males: 51.2%; Mage = 15.00; DS = 0.975). Our findings showed that enjoyment was positively associated with concentration and, in turn, with time distortion. We also found significant positive effects of concentration and time distortion on problematic TikTok use. The effect of enjoyment, however, was non-significant, indicating that hedonic mood was not associated with problematic TikTok use. Out of the three moderated relationships examined in this study, only active parental control was found to be a significant moderator for the relationship between concentration and problematic TikTok use. The significant negative moderation result showed that as active parental mediation grows, the impact of adolescents’ concentration on problematic TikTok use is reduced. Future research directions and implications are discussed.
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These aspects were later linked to the onset of problematic TikTok use.
“These aspects were later linked to the onset of PTU, while parental control emerged as a protective factor in the correlation between concentration issues and PTU [84].”
From Scrolling through adolescence: a systematic review of the impact of TikTok on adolescent mental health (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
The Results (§4.2, page unavailable) link concentration and time distortion to problematic TikTok use, and the Discussion (§5, page unavailable) says active parental mediation weakens the concentration–use relationship. The study does not establish when problematic use begins, and its measure is concentration while using TikTok, not concentration difficulties generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSix studies used only standardized tests in their original or adapted form.
“Six studies used only standardized tests (in their original or adapted form) [73, 78, 79, 83–85]”
From Scrolling through adolescence: a systematic review of the impact of TikTok on adolescent mental health (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
The analyzed effects of TikTok use included risk of PTU.
“The analyzed effects encompassed lower life satisfaction [79], increased depressive symptoms [68], higher levels of anger and loneliness [72], risk of PTU [69, 83, 84], increased body image concerns, and self-esteem issues [42, 70, 80], as well as the rapid spreading of functional tic-like behaviors [76, 77].”
From Scrolling through adolescence: a systematic review of the impact of TikTok on adolescent mental health (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
Parental control emerged as a protective factor in the correlation between concentration issues and problematic TikTok use.
“while parental control emerged as a protective factor in the correlation between concentration issues and PTU [84].”
From Scrolling through adolescence: a systematic review of the impact of TikTok on adolescent mental health (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
The immersive state of flow has been identified as a significant factor influencing addictive behaviors related to TikTok.
“This immersive state has been identified as a significant factor influencing addictive behaviors related to TikTok [83] as it can lead to a disregard for the immediate surroundings and induce time distortion, both of which correlate with PTU severity [84].”
From Scrolling through adolescence: a systematic review of the impact of TikTok on adolescent mental health (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
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- Authors
- Qin, Y., Musetti, A., & Omar, B.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
- University of Parma (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Omar, Bahiyah
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-01-23
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 2089
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9915640
- OpenAlex
- W4317821532
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 16.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Flow Experience in Various Fields
- Keywords
- TikTok, social media addiction, adolescents, flow experience, parental mediation, parental control, enjoyment, concentration, time distortion, moderating effect
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Child, China, Humans, Male, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Young Adult, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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