Cigarettes Butts and the Case for an Environmental Policy on Hazardous Cigarette Waste
Open accessAbstract
Discarded cigarette butts are a form of non-biodegradable litter. Carried as runoff from streets to drains, to rivers, and ultimately to the ocean and its beaches, cigarette filters are the single most collected item in international beach cleanups each year. They are an environmental blight on streets, sidewalks, and other open areas. Rather than being a protective health device, cigarette filters are primarily a marketing tool to help sell ‘safe’ cigarettes. They are perceived by much of the public (especially current smokers) to reduce the health risks of smoking through technology. Filters have reduced the machine-measured yield of tar and nicotine from burning cigarettes, but there is controversy as to whether this has correspondingly reduced the disease burden of smoking to the population. Filters actually may serve to sustain smoking by making it seem less urgent for smokers to quit and easier for children to initiate smoking because of reduced irritation from early experimentation. Several options are available to reduce the environmental impact of cigarette butt waste, including developing biodegradable filters, increasing fines and penalties for littering butts, monetary deposits on filters, increasing availability of butt receptacles, and expanded public education. It may even be possible to ban the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether on the basis of their adverse environmental impact. This option may be attractive in coastal regions where beaches accumulate butt waste and where smoking indoors is increasingly prohibited. Additional research is needed on the various policy options, including behavioral research on the impact of banning the sale of filtered cigarettes altogether.
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A busy road with 25,000 cars travelling daily will generate up to 9 kg of particulate matter per kilometre of road, with no remediation.
“A busy road with 25,000 cars travelling daily will generate up to 9 kg of particulate matter per kilometre of road, with no remediation [89].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
The Environmental Problem of Cigarette Butts section discusses cigarette litter on roads and streets, but gives no estimate of particulate matter generated by traffic. Searches for 25,000 cars, 9 kg, particulate matter, and road-traffic emissions found no passage addressing the claimed calculation or the absence of remediation. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSince 2005, the EPA under TSCA has received and reviewed over 160 new chemicals within the nanoscale materials bracket.
“Since 2005, the EPA, under the TSCA ruling, has received and reviewed over 160 new chemicals within the nanoscale materials bracket [89].”
From Nanoparticles in Construction Materials and Other Applications, and Implications of Nanoparticle Use (2019) · cites this paper as [89]
The Mandatory Filter Biodegradability section discusses proposed FDA regulation of tobacco products, not EPA review of nanoscale chemicals under TSCA. Searches for “TSCA nanoscale materials 160 new chemicals since 2005” and “Toxic Substances Control Act Environmental Protection Agency nanomaterials” found no passage addressing the claim. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Novotny, T. E., Lum, K., Smith, E., Wang, V., & Barnes, R.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Corresponding author
- Novotny, Thomas E.
- Venue
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2009-05-20
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1691-1705
- ISSN
- 1660-4601 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2697937
- OpenAlex
- W2118774542
- Cited by
- 336
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 6.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA061021, CA-61021)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microplastics and Plastic Pollution
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Waste Management and Recycling
- Keywords
- cigarette butts, cigarette filters, hazardous waste, environmental policy, littering, beach litter, biodegradable filters, deposit system, smoking initiation, smoking cessation
- MeSH terms
- Environment, Humans, Smoking, Nicotiana, Tobacco Industry
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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