Cited by 212Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and TreatmentsRedox biology and oxidative stressNuclear Receptors and Signaling

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The Role of Free Radicals in the Aging Brain and Parkinson’s Disease: Convergence and Parallelism

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Kumar, Hemant, Lim, Hyung-Woo, More, Sandeep Vasant, Kim, Byung-Wook, Koppula, Sushruta, Kim, In Su, Choi, Dong-Kug·2012·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI 10.3390/ijms130810478PMC PMC3431873

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Abstract

Free radical production and their targeted action on biomolecules have roles in aging and age-related disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). There is an age-associated increase in oxidative damage to the brain, and aging is considered a risk factor for PD. Dopaminergic neurons show linear fallout of 5-10% per decade with aging; however, the rate and intensity of neuronal loss in patients with PD is more marked than that of aging. Here, we enumerate the common link between aging and PD at the cellular level with special reference to oxidative damage caused by free radicals. Oxidative damage includes mitochondrial dysfunction, dopamine auto-oxidation, α-synuclein aggregation, glial cell activation, alterations in calcium signaling, and excess free iron. Moreover, neurons encounter more oxidative stress as a counteracting mechanism with advancing age does not function properly. Alterations in transcriptional activity of various pathways, including nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, glycogen synthase kinase 3β, mitogen activated protein kinase, nuclear factor kappa B, and reduced activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione with aging might be correlated with the increased incidence of PD.

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Authors: Kumar, H., Lim, H.-W., More, S. V., Kim, B.-W., Koppula, S., Kim, I. S., & Choi, D.-K.
Affiliations: Konkuk University (KR)
Corresponding author: Choi, Dong-Kug
ORCID: Kumar, Hemant
More, Sandeep Vasant
Kim, Byung-Wook
Koppula, Sushruta
Kim, In Su
Choi, Dong-Kug
Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2012-08-21
Volume: 13
Issue: 8
Pages: 10478-10504
ISSN: 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810478
PMC: PMC3431873
OpenAlex: W2138898590
Cited by: 212
References: 220
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 1
FWCI: 2.25
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Konkuk University
Ministry of Knowledge Economy
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
Keywords: free radicals, Parkinson's disease, brain aging, oxidative stress, oxidative damage, dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial dysfunction, alpha-synuclein aggregation, glial activation, calcium signaling, free iron, NF-κB, Nrf2, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, mitogen-activated protein kinase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione
MeSH terms: Aging, Animals, Brain, Free Radicals, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Parkinson Disease, Oxidative Stress

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The Role of Free Radicals in the Aging Brain and Parkinson’s Disease: Convergence and Parallelism

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