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Modifications in Glass Ionomer Cements: Nano-Sized Fillers and Bioactive Nanoceramics
Open accessAbstract
Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are being used for a wide range of applications in dentistry. In order to overcome the poor mechanical properties of glass ionomers, several modifications have been introduced to the conventional GICs. Nanotechnology involves the use of systems, modifications or materials the size of which is in the range of 1–100 nm. Nano-modification of conventional GICs and resin modified GICs (RMGICs) can be achieved by incorporation of nano-sized fillers to RMGICs, reducing the size of the glass particles, and introducing nano-sized bioceramics to the glass powder. Studies suggest that the commercially available nano-filled RMGIC does not hold any significant advantage over conventional RMGICs as far as the mechanical and bonding properties are concerned. Conversely, incorporation of nano-sized apatite crystals not only increases the mechanical properties of conventional GICs, but also can enhance fluoride release and bioactivity. By increasing the crystallinity of the set matrix, apatites can make the set cement chemically more stable, insoluble, and improve the bond strength with tooth structure. Increased fluoride release can also reduce and arrest secondary caries. However, due to a lack of long-term clinical studies, the use of nano-modified glass ionomers is still limited in daily clinical dentistry. In addition to the in vitro and in vivo studies, more randomized clinical trials are required to justify the use of these promising materials. The aim of this paper is to review the modification performed in GIC-based materials to improve their physicochemical properties.
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“Nonetheless, the reduced mechanical strength and wear resistance of GIC limit its application in high-stress regions like molars.”
From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
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“Furthermore, these materials play a significant role in enhancing aesthetics, especially in the field of pediatric dentistry, where modified resin-based bioactive materials offer a more visually appealing alternative to conventional glass ionomer cement [62].”
From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
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“The increased expense of bioactive materials in comparison to conventional options limits their availability, especially in low-resource environments where cost-effectiveness is a significant issue [62].”
From Minimally Invasive Techniques for Managing Dental Caries in Children: Efficacy, Applications, and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
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“[15–17] In addition, nano‐hydroxyapatite (n‐HAp) crystals can favour remineralisation of enamel.[18,19] Due to these excellent properties, HA has been used in many fields of dentistry such as implant dentistry,[20] caries prevention,[21] bone void fillers,[22] restoration of periodontal defects,[23] alveolar ridge aug…”
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Megahed, O. N., Abdelhamid, M., Elwassefy, N. A., Youssef, A. M., El-Damrawi, G., & Bakr, N. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-27385-z · Cited by 14
“The antimicrobial agents (i.e., ZnO) are important to be added to the polymer matrix to improve the antibacterial capacity of these materials, due to their cariostatic effects 55–57 .”
Mokhtari, S., & Wren, A. (2019) · Biomedical Glasses · doi:10.1515/bglass-2019-0002 · Cited by 13
“Modification in chemical composition of the glass, the acid component, and variations in powder to liquid ratio of GPCs can alter the physical, biological, and mechanical properties, and therefore extend their applications to orthopaedics [32].”
BackgroundModifications of polyalkenoic acid and its effect on glass ionomer cement
Lathikumari, S. S., & Saraswathy, M. (2024) · Materials Advances · doi:10.1039/d3ma00406f · Cited by 16
“4,18,19 However, conventional GIC is not obsolete from clinical dentistry yet.”
BackgroundNano glass ionomer cement: modification for biodental applications
Najeeb, S., Khurshid, Z., Ghabbani, H., Zafar, M. S., & Sefat, F. (2019) · Advanced Dental Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102476-8.00010-4 · Cited by 13
Self-citationSaadat, M., Moradian, M., & Mirshekari, B. (2021) · International Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1155/2021/8231473 · Cited by 12
Introduction to dental biomaterials and their advances
Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M. S., Najeeb, S., Nejatian, T., & Sefat, F. (2019) · Advanced Dental Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102476-8.00001-3 · Cited by 12
Self-citationIlancheran, P., Paulraj, J., Maiti, S., & Shanmugam, R. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.58562 · Cited by 11
“While these modified materials have demonstrated improved strength characteristics and reduced wear, they have also presented drawbacks such as decreased strength and potential cytotoxicity, limiting their practical utility [7].”
BackgroundWrzyszcz-Kowalczyk, A., Dobrzyński, M., Grzesiak-Gasek, I., Zakrzewski, W., Mysiak-Dębska, M., Nowak, P., Zimolag, M., & Wiglusz, R. (2021) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano11123374 · Cited by 11
“Another disadvantage is that they are sensitive to moisture immediately after application [121].”
BackgroundPaulraj, J., Shanmugam, R., Maiti, S., & Ganesh, S. (2024) · International Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10019-1441 · Cited by 10
“23 The study also identified statistically significant ( p 0.05) changes in surface roughness before and after simulation for all groups, underscoring the importance of evaluating materials under simulated oral conditions.”
InfluentialMoura, S. K. S. C. F., dos Santos, M. V., Nascimento, L. Á. D., da Silva, M. D., de França, G., da Costa, L. M., Medeiros, A., Araujo-Junior, R. F., de Araújo, A. D., Oliveira, C. N., et al. (2022) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103123 · Cited by 10
Zaki, Z. M., Niazy, M., Zaazou, M. H., Nagi, S., & Elkassas, D. (2021) · Bulletin of the National Research Centre · doi:10.1186/s42269-021-00655-2 · Cited by 10
“Characterization of NHA-GIC and NHA-RMGIC was done using TEM (Philips XL, 30; Japan) to observe the distribution of NHA into CGIC and RMGIC powder. c. Clinical procedure: Cavity preparation, material application, intervention and outcome All participants’ demographic data together with tooth numbers, types and arch di…”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical Properties of Glass Ionomer Cement Containing Pre-Reacted Spherical Glass Fillers.
Panpisut, P., Monmaturapoj, N., Srion, A., Toneluck, A., & Phantumvanit, P. (2020) · Brazilian Dental Journal · doi:10.1590/0103-6440202003276 · Cited by 10
Klimas, S., Kiryk, S., Kiryk, J., Kotela, A., Kensy, J., Michalak, M., Rybak, Z., Matys, J., & Dobrzyński, M. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18133187 · Cited by 9
“Ongoing research explores nanomodifications and formulation adjustments to improve their physical, biological, and esthetic performance for broader indications [29–35].”
Mansoor, A., Mansoor, E., Mansoor, E., Mansoor, E., Shah, A. U., Asjid, U., Martins, J., Khan, S., & Palma, P. J. (2025) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2025.01.005 · Cited by 9
Aboelwafa, M. R., & Shaheen, S. D. (2024) · European Journal of Dentistry · doi:10.1055/s-0044-1785188 · Cited by 9
Bian, C., Guo, Y.-M., Zhu, M.-Y., Liu, M., Xie, X.-J., Weir, M., Oates, T. W., Masri, R., Xu, H. H. K., Zhang, K., et al. (2024) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104844 · Cited by 9
Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Cements and Their Behavior in Acidic Environments
Iosif, C., Cuc, S., Prodan, D., Moldovan, M., Petean, I., Labunet, A., Tudoran, L. B., Badea, I., Man, S., Badea, M., et al. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15227904 · Cited by 9
“However, the heterogeneous filler mixture observed in the Fuji Ortho RMGIC proves to be beneficial to achieving a good value of the elastic modulus, which is in good agreement with the requirements for a bracket adhesive [32,33].”
ResultDionysopoulos, D., Tolidis, K., Tortopidis, D., Gerasimou, P., & Sfeikos, T. (2018) · Odontology : official journal of The Society of the Nippon Dental University · doi:10.1007/s10266-018-0338-5 · Cited by 9
Application of Nanomaterials in Dentistry
Qasim, S. B., & Rehman, I. U. (2018) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67132-1_12 · Cited by 9
Self-citationAlacote-Mauricio, B., Gihuaña-Aguilar, C., Castro-Ramirez, L., Cervantes-Ganoza, L., Ladera-Castañeda, M., Dapello-Zevallos, G., & Cayo-Rojas, C. (2023) · Journal of International Oral Health · doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh_93_23 · Cited by 8
“[10] Color stability is an important property in restoration materials that can be due to extrinsic (exogenous) or intrinsic (endogenous) factors.”
BackgroundChen, Y.-Z., Yong, M.-J., Tan, V., Kong, S., Elnawawy, H. M., Yahya, N., Kutty, M., & Ahmed, H. (2023) · European Endodontic Journal · doi:10.14744/eej.2023.36449 · Cited by 8
Peng, Y., Wang, J., Dai, X., Chen, M., Bao, Z., Yang, X., Xie, J., Wang, C., Shao, J., Han, H., et al. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.2c14909 · Cited by 12
Sangsuwan, P., Tannukit, S., Chotigeat, W., & Kedjarune-Leggat, U. (2022) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb13030132 · Cited by 8
Chiode, M. M. M., Colonello, G. P., Kabadayan, F., Silva, J. D. S., Suffredini, I., & Saraceni, C. H. (2022) · Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102788 · Cited by 8
Long-Term Water Balance Evaluation in Glass Ionomer Restorative Materials
Roberts, H., Berzins, D., & Nicholson, J. (2022) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma15030807 · Cited by 8
Treatment options for deciduous molar hypomineralization: a report of three cases
Quintero, Y., Restrepo, M., Saldarriaga, J. A., Saldarriaga, A., & Santos-Pinto, L. (2019) · Dental Update · doi:10.12968/denu.2019.46.6.546 · Cited by 8
Yücer, S., Sarac, B., Özarslan, A. C., & Çiftçi, F. (2025) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2025.10.010 · Cited by 8
Effect of Zinc-Releasing Glass Ionomer Cement on Preventing Dentin Demineralization.
Htet, K., Hiraishi, N., Sanon, K., Ubolsaard, P., Sone, K. P., & Shimada, Y. (2025) · E -journal of dentistry · doi:10.1016/j.jdent.2025.105718 · Cited by 7
Bukhari, K. M. A., Alaydaa, R., Alhazmi, R., Alharbi, A., Alahmadi, O., Zafar, M., & Almarhoumi, A. (2025) · Saudi Dental Journal · doi:10.1007/s44445-025-00002-5 · Cited by 7
“These materials promote responses in living tissues and support the restoration of hard dental structures, particularly in primary teeth (Najeeb et al. 2016; Skallevold et al. 2019).”
Self-citationPhysical-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of graphene-reinforced glass ionomer cements
Jordão, T. R. D. S., Fernandes, L. S., Leite, K. L. D. F., Alexandria, A., Silva, E., Maia, L. C., & Fidalgo, T. K. D. S. (2024) · Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics · doi:10.5395/rde.2024.49.e37 · Cited by 7
“Some of these strategies included adding silver and tin amalgam alloy powder, incorporating silver nanoparticles, and adding zinc, titanium, barium, and strontium, resin, hydroxyapatite, fibers, zirconium, and other nanometric particles to GICs, which did not improve its properties [13-20].”
Showkat, I., Chaudhary, S., Sinha, A., Manuja, N., Telgi, C., Priya, N., & Kak, M. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-2617 · Cited by 7
Aye, T. A., Polkit, S., Klaijan, I., Nachanok, K., Salil, L., & Pasutha, T. (2023) · Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jds.2023.06.009 · Cited by 7
Naksagoon, T., Takenaka, S., Nagata, R., Sotozono, M., Ohsumi, T., Ida, T., Edanami, N., Maeda, T., & Noiri, Y. (2021) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics10080977 · Cited by 7
“Therefore, additional antimicrobial compounds and nanoparticles have been added to the GIC to enhance its cariostatic effect [14].”
BackgroundAlinda, S., Margono, A., Putranto, A., Maharti, I., Amalina, R., & Rahmi, S. F. (2021) · Open Dentistry Journal · doi:10.2174/1874210602115010274 · Cited by 7
Future Perspectives of Biomimetics in Restorative Dentistry
Basheer, N., Madhubala, M., & Mahalaxmi, S. (2020) · doi:10.9734/jpri/2020/v32i2530820 · Cited by 7
“Traditional restorative materials such as amalgam, GIC or composite resin are used to substitute the lost enamel but none of these materials could achieve the exact physical, mechanical, and aesthetic properties of enamel [7].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Najeeb, S., Khurshid, Z., Zafar, M., Khan, A., Zohaib, S., Martí, J., Sauro, S., Matinlinna, J., & Rehman, I.
- Affiliations
- Al-Farabi College (SA)
- King Faisal University (SA)
- Taibah University (SA)
- COMSATS University Islamabad (PK)
- Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU (ES)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Sheffield (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Rehman, Ihtesham
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2016-07-14
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1134
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4964507
- OpenAlex
- W2465238864
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 125
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) (acceptedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- CEU Repositorio Institucional (Fundación Universitaria San Pablo CEU) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental materials and restorations
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Keywords
- glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, fluoride release, bioactivity (biomaterials), mechanical properties, bond strength, secondary caries, dental restorative materials
- MeSH terms
- Ceramics, Dental Cements, Glass Ionomer Cements, Humans, Nanoparticles
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