Cited by 200SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 ResearchDental Research and COVID-19Dermatological and COVID-19 studies

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Existence of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Oral Cavity

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Sakaguchi, Wakako, Kubota, Nobuhisa, Shimizu, Tomoko, Saruta, Juri, Fuchida, Shinya, Kawata, Akira, Yamamoto, Yuko, Sugimoto, Masahiro, Yakeishi, Mayumi, Tsukinoki, Keiichi·2020·International Journal of Molecular Sciences

DOI 10.3390/ijms21176000PMC PMC7503451

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Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and furin, which promote entry of the virus into the host cell, have been identified as determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dorsal tongue and gingiva, saliva, and tongue coating samples were examined to determine the presence of these molecules in the oral cavity. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that ACE2 was expressed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the dorsal tongue and gingiva. TMPRSS2 was strongly expressed in stratified squamous epithelium in the keratinized surface layer and detected in the saliva and tongue coating samples via Western blot. Furin was localized mainly in the lower layer of stratified squamous epithelium and detected in the saliva but not tongue coating. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and furin mRNA expression was observed in taste bud-derived cultured cells, which was similar to the immunofluorescence observations. These data showed that essential molecules for SARS-CoV-2 infection were abundant in the oral cavity. However, the database analysis showed that saliva also contains many protease inhibitors. Therefore, although the oral cavity may be the entry route for SARS-CoV-2, other factors including protease inhibitors in the saliva that inhibit viral entry should be considered.

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Authors: Sakaguchi, W., Kubota, N., Shimizu, T., Saruta, J., Fuchida, S., Kawata, A., Yamamoto, Y., Sugimoto, M., Yakeishi, M., & Tsukinoki, K.
Affiliations: Kanagawa Dental University (JP)
Kanagawa Dental University Junior College (JP)
Tokyo Medical University (JP)
Corresponding author: Saruta, Juri
ORCID: Sakaguchi, Wakako
Shimizu, Tomoko
Saruta, Juri
Kawata, Akira
Yamamoto, Yuko
Sugimoto, Masahiro
Tsukinoki, Keiichi
Venue: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2020-08-20
Volume: 21
Issue: 17
Pages: 6000
ISSN: 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176000
PMC: PMC7503451
OpenAlex: W3078858731
Cited by: 200
References: 38
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 3
FWCI: 5.21
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H05743, 19K10427, 18K17035)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatological and COVID-19 studies
Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, TMPRSS2, furin, viral entry, oral cavity, tongue, gingiva, saliva, tongue coating, stratified squamous epithelium, taste buds, protease inhibitors, COVID-19 pandemic
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Gingiva, Humans, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Mouth Mucosa, Pneumonia, Viral, Saliva, Serine Endopeptidases, Tongue, Coronavirus Infections, Furin, Virus Internalization, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus

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Existence of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Oral Cavity

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