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Existence of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules in the Oral Cavity
Open accessAbstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2), and furin, which promote entry of the virus into the host cell, have been identified as determinants of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Dorsal tongue and gingiva, saliva, and tongue coating samples were examined to determine the presence of these molecules in the oral cavity. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that ACE2 was expressed in the stratified squamous epithelium of the dorsal tongue and gingiva. TMPRSS2 was strongly expressed in stratified squamous epithelium in the keratinized surface layer and detected in the saliva and tongue coating samples via Western blot. Furin was localized mainly in the lower layer of stratified squamous epithelium and detected in the saliva but not tongue coating. ACE2, TMPRSS2, and furin mRNA expression was observed in taste bud-derived cultured cells, which was similar to the immunofluorescence observations. These data showed that essential molecules for SARS-CoV-2 infection were abundant in the oral cavity. However, the database analysis showed that saliva also contains many protease inhibitors. Therefore, although the oral cavity may be the entry route for SARS-CoV-2, other factors including protease inhibitors in the saliva that inhibit viral entry should be considered.
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“Within the oral cavity, there is little evidence for expression of ACE2, TMPRSS2, or Furin on any other cells than epithelial cells (Sakaguchi et al., 2020).”
From COVID-19 and the human innate immune system (2021) · cites this paper as Sakaguchi et al., 2020
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Inflammation and the oral and gut microbiota with COVID-19
Lam, J., Korostoff, J. M., & Chatterjee, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19170-1.00009-7
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Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS) Associated with COVID-19
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sakaguchi, W., Kubota, N., Shimizu, T., Saruta, J., Fuchida, S., Kawata, A., Yamamoto, Y., Sugimoto, M., Yakeishi, M., & Tsukinoki, K.
- Affiliations
- Kanagawa Dental University (JP)
- Kanagawa Dental University Junior College (JP)
- Tokyo Medical University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Saruta, Juri
- ORCID
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-08-20
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 6000
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7503451
- OpenAlex
- W3078858731
- Cited by
- 200
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 45 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 5.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (20H05743, 19K10427, 18K17035)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental Research and COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatological and COVID-19 studies
- Keywords
- SARS-CoV-2, ACE2, TMPRSS2, furin, viral entry, oral cavity, tongue, gingiva, saliva, tongue coating, stratified squamous epithelium, taste buds, protease inhibitors, COVID-19 pandemic
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Gingiva, Humans, Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A, Mouth Mucosa, Pneumonia, Viral, Saliva, Serine Endopeptidases, Tongue, Coronavirus Infections, Furin, Virus Internalization, Pandemics, Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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