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Leucokinin and Associated Neuropeptides Regulate Multiple Aspects of Physiology and Behavior in Drosophila

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Nässel, Dick R.·2021·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms22041940PMC PMC7920058

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Abstract

Leucokinins (LKs) constitute a family of neuropeptides identified in numerous insects and many other invertebrates. LKs act on G-protein-coupled receptors that display only distant relations to other known receptors. In adult Drosophila, 26 neurons/neurosecretory cells of three main types express LK. The four brain interneurons are of two types, and these are implicated in several important functions in the fly’s behavior and physiology, including feeding, sleep–metabolism interactions, state-dependent memory formation, as well as modulation of gustatory sensitivity and nociception. The 22 neurosecretory cells (abdominal LK neurons, ABLKs) of the abdominal neuromeres co-express LK and a diuretic hormone (DH44), and together, these regulate water and ion homeostasis and associated stress as well as food intake. In Drosophila larvae, LK neurons modulate locomotion, escape responses and aspects of ecdysis behavior. A set of lateral neurosecretory cells, ALKs (anterior LK neurons), in the brain express LK in larvae, but inconsistently so in adults. These ALKs co-express three other neuropeptides and regulate water and ion homeostasis, feeding, and drinking, but the specific role of LK is not yet known. This review summarizes Drosophila data on embryonic lineages of LK neurons, functional roles of individual LK neuron types, interactions with other peptidergic systems, and orchestrating functions of LK.

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  • Leucokinin neuropeptide is expressed in layer 6 tangential neurons, e.g., FB6A.

    “However, leucokinin neuropeptide is expressed in layer 6 tangential neurons,184 e.g., FB6A”

    From Neurotransmitter classification from electron microscopy images at synaptic sites in Drosophila melanogaster (2024) · cites this paper as [184]

    Section 2.2 (page unavailable) reports leucokinin-receptor expression in neurons innervating the fan-shaped body, not leucokinin expression in those neurons. The Figure 12 caption in Section 3.2 likewise distinguishes leucokinin-producing neurons from the fan-shaped-body neurons they act on; it does not identify FB6A as leucokinin-expressing. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • The fan-shaped body is known to express leucokinin, allatostatin A, short neuropeptide F, Drosophila neuropeptide F, tachykinin, proctolin, dFMRFa, SIFamide and myoinhibitory peptide in a highly specific and layer-wise manner.

    “The fan-shaped body is known to express leucokinin, allatostatin A, short neuropeptide F, Drosophila neuropeptide F, tachykinin, proctolin, dFMRFa, SIFamide and myoinhibitory peptide in a highly specific and layer-wise manner.106,175,177,184”

    From Neurotransmitter classification from electron microscopy images at synaptic sites in Drosophila melanogaster (2024) · cites this paper as [184]

    Section 3.2 (page not specified in our copy) describes leucokinin, allatostatin A and neuropeptide F neurons signaling to neurons associated with the fan-shaped body. It also says leucokinin-receptor neurons innervate its layers, but does not establish that the fan-shaped body expresses the full listed set of peptides in a specific layer-wise pattern. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The hDeltaK misprediction is because their presynapses lie in layer 6, an unusual layer known to express allatostatin A, short neuropeptide F and innexin 6.

    “because their presynapses lie in layer 6 of the fan-shaped body (Figure 5G, arrows), an unusual layer that is known to express allatostatin A, short neuropeptide F and innexin 6.175,184,185”

    From Neurotransmitter classification from electron microscopy images at synaptic sites in Drosophila melanogaster (2024) · cites this paper as [184]

    Figure 11 in §3.2 describes allatostatin A neurons acting on neurons that innervate the fan-shaped body, while §2.2 discusses short neuropeptide F in other neurons. Neither passage identifies hDeltaK presynapses or says that layer 6 expresses allatostatin A, short neuropeptide F, and innexin 6. Searches for “layer 6,” “innexin,” and “hDeltaK” found no passage addressing that claim; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.74)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Nässel, D. R.
Affiliations
Stockholm University (SE)
Corresponding author
Nässel, Dick R.
ORCID
Nässel, Dick R.
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-02-16
Volume
22
Issue
4
Pages
1940
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms22041940
PMC
PMC7920058
OpenAlex
W3133315899
Cited by
42
References
5
Citations by year
2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 11
FWCI
0.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Vetenskapsrådet (2015-04626)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
Keywords
leucokinin, neuropeptides, Drosophila, G protein-coupled receptors, neurosecretory cells, feeding behavior, state-dependent memory, taste sensitivity, nociception, molting, escape behavior, embryonic lineage, peptidergic systems
MeSH terms
Animals, Drosophila, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Homeostasis, Insect Hormones, Larva, Neurons, Neuropeptides, Sleep, Starvation, Signal Transduction, Drosophila Proteins

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