The DOI matches its Crossref record; 199 of the 199 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunosuppressive Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Liver cancer has the fourth highest mortality rate of all cancers worldwide, with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) being the most prevalent subtype. Despite great advances in systemic therapy, such as molecular-targeted agents, HCC has one of the worst prognoses due to drug resistance and frequent recurrence and metastasis. Recently, new therapeutic strategies such as cancer immunosuppressive therapy have prolonged patients’ lives, and the combination of an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and VEGF inhibitor is now positioned as the first-line therapy for advanced HCC. Since the efficacy of ICIs depends on the tumor immune microenvironment, it is necessary to elucidate the immune environment of HCC to select appropriate ICIs. In this review, we summarize the findings on the immune microenvironment and immunosuppressive approaches focused on monoclonal antibodies against cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed cell death protein 1 for HCC. We also describe ongoing treatment modalities, including adoptive cell transfer-based therapies and future areas of exploration based on recent literature. The results of pre-clinical studies using immunological classification and animal models will contribute to the development of biomarkers that predict the efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy and aid in the selection of appropriate strategies for HCC treatment.
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Cited by
Lu, P., Ruan, D., Huang, M., Tian, M., Zhu, K., Gan, Z., & Xiao, Z. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01852-x · Cited by 667
Ma, Y., Guo, C., Wang, X., Wei, X., & Ma, J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13046-023-02804-z · Cited by 29
Metadata
- Authors
- Oura, K., Morishita, A., Tani, J., & Masaki, T.
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-05-28
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 5801
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3164582693
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 199
- FWCI
- 23.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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- Oura, K., Morishita, A., Tani, J., & Masaki, T. (2021). Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Immunosuppressive Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115801
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Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
