The Complexity of the Ovine and Caprine Keratin-Associated Protein Genes
Open accessAbstract
Sheep (Ovis aries) and goats (Capra hircus) have, for more than a millennia, been a source of fibres for human use, be it for use in clothing and furnishings, for insulation, for decorative and ceremonial purposes, or for combinations thereof. While use of these natural fibres has in some respects been superseded by the use of synthetic and plant-based fibres, increased accounting for the carbon and water footprint of these fibres is creating a re-emergence of interest in fibres derived from sheep and goats. The keratin-associated proteins (KAPs) are structural components of wool and hair fibres, where they form a matrix that cross-links with the keratin intermediate filaments (KIFs), the other main structural component of the fibres. Since the first report of a complete KAP protein sequence in the late 1960s, considerable effort has been made to identify the KAP proteins and their genes in mammals, and to ascertain how these genes and proteins control fibre growth and characteristics. This effort is ongoing, with more and more being understood about the structure and function of the genes. This review consolidates that knowledge and suggests future directions for research to further our understanding.
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Keratins and keratin-associated proteins are conserved across multiple species, with family members encoding principal structural components of hair and wool.
“Keratins and the keratin-associated proteins are conserved across multiple species with family members encoding the principal structural components of hair and wool160–163.”
From Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of muskox (Ovibos moschatus) from Banks Island in the Canadian Arctic, a resource for conservation genomics (2024) · cites this paper as [163]
The Introduction identifies KAPs and keratin intermediate filaments as the main structural components of mammalian hair and wool fibres. Section 2 reports KAP gene orthologues in sheep, goats and humans, supporting their presence across species, but does not establish that both KAPs and keratins are conserved across species. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Shah, R. M., Ganai, T. A. S., Shanaz, S., Ayaz, A., & Khan, N. (2017) · Indian Journal of Small Ruminants (The) · doi:10.5958/0973-9718.2017.00062.9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Variation in ovine KRTAP8-2 and its association with wool characteristics in Pakistani sheep
Ullah, F., Jamal, S. M., Zhou, H., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2021) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106598 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationConstruction of a Skin cDNA Library of Cashmere Goat and Cloning of KAP6-2 Full-length cDNA
Yin, J., Tin-mao, H., Li, J., Zhang, C., Zhi-zheng, G., & Huan-min, Z. (2004) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Singh, A. A. N., & Ganai, N. A. (2017) · International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences · doi:10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.409 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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1 of the 99 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Genetics of the phenotypic evolution in sheep: a molecular look at diversity-driving genes
Kalds, P., Zhou, S., Gao, Y., Cai, B., Huang, S., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2022) · Genetics Selection Evolution · doi:10.1186/s12711-022-00753-3 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Gong, G., Fan, Y., Li, W., Yan, X., Yan, X., Zhang, L., Wang, N., Chen, O., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., et al. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12111456 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Genetics of Wool and Cashmere Fibre: Progress, Challenges, and Future Research
Zhou, H., Bai, L., Li, S., Li, W., Wang, J., Tao, J., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14223228 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationWool: From Properties and Structure to Genetic Insights and Sheep Improvement Strategies
Zhou, H., Bai, L., Li, S., Wang, J., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15192790 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationBai, L., Zhou, H., Li, W., Tao, J., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14152155 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationOvine KRTAP36-2: A New Keratin-Associated Protein Gene Related to Variation in Wool Yield
Zhou, H., Li, W., Bai, L., Wang, J., Luo, Y., Li, S., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14112045 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSpatiotemporal Expression Characterization of KRTAP6 Family Genes and Its Effect on Wool Traits
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Self-citationSequence Variation in Caprine KRTAP6-2 Affects Cashmere Fiber Diameter
Cao, J., Wang, J., Zhou, H., Hu, J., Liu, X., Li, S., Luo, Y., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2022) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani12162040 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationRecent Advances in Intermediate Filaments—Volume 1
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Self-citationShi, A., Lv, J., Ma, Q., Liu, Z., Ma, L., Zhou, J., & Tao, J. (2024) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2024.148751 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLok, S., Lau, T. N. H., Trost, B., Tong, A. H. Y., Paton, T., Wintle, R. F., Engstrom, M. D., Gunn, A., & Scherer, S. W. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67270-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Ovine KRT81 Variants and Their Influence on Selected Wool Traits of Commercial Value
Li, W., Bai, L., Zhou, H., Zhang, Z., Ma, Z., Wu, G., Luo, Y., Tanner, J., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2024) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes15060681 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of the KAP27‐1 gene in sheep and its effect on wool traits
Li, W., Zhou, H., Gong, H., Zhang, K., Li, S., Liu, X., Wang, J., Luo, Y., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2022) · New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research · doi:10.1080/00288233.2022.2080721 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationVariation in the Exon 3–4 Region of Ovine KRT85 and Its Effect on Wool Traits
Chai, W., Zhou, H., Gong, H., Wang, C., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14152272 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationSeasonal Gene Expression Profile Responsible for Hair Follicle Development in Angora Goats
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Characterisation of Ovine KRTAP19-3 and Its Impact on Wool Traits in Chinese Tan Sheep
Bai, L., Zhou, H., Tao, J., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14192772 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSachslehner, A. P., Parry, D. A. D., & Eckhart, L. (2025) · Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.3390/jdb13020018 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Characterisation of Four New Genes in the Ovine KAP19 Family
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Self-citationVariation in Ovine KRTAP13-3 and Its Association with Wool Characteristics in Chinese Tan Sheep
Bai, L., Zhou, H., Tao, J., & Hickford, J. G. H. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15071069 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic diversity, population structure and gene flow among indigenous Nigerian sheep breeds
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Self-citationKalds, P., Zhou, S., Gao, Y., Cai, B., Huang, S., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21076770
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Whole transcriptome sequencing of different hair types in inner Mongolian cashmere goats
Gong, G., Zheng, W., Li, W., Wang, Z., Lv, Q., & Su, R. (2026) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-026-12814-8
Association of KRTAP24-1 Gene Polymorphisms with Wool Traits in Tibetan Sheep (Ovis aries)
Zhao, H., Ma, S., Sun, W., Lu, Y., & Jin, X. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16132111
- Authors
- Zhou, H., Gong, H., Wang, J., Luo, Y., Li, S., Tao, J., & Hickford, J. G. H.
- Affiliations
- Gansu Agricultural University (CN)
- Lincoln University (NZ)
- Ningxia University (CN)
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Jiqing
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-11-27
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 23
- Pages
- 12838
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8657448
- OpenAlex
- W3215848555
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 0.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Lincoln University Research Archive (Lincoln University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32060140)
- Distinguished Young Scholars Fund of Gansu Province (21JR7RA857)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Skin and Cellular Biology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Hair Growth and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Keywords
- keratin-associated proteins, sheep, goats, wool fibers, hair fibers, keratin intermediate filaments, gene structure and function, natural fibers
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Goats, Hair, Humans, Keratins, Sheep, Wool, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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