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Cited by 176Autism Spectrum Disorder ResearchTryptophan and brain disordersGenetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 236 of the 237 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?

Open access
Robinson-Agramonte, Maria de los Angeles, Noris García, Elena, Fraga Guerra, Jarasca, Vega Hurtado, Yamilé, Antonucci, Nicola, Semprún-Hernández, Neomar, Schultz, Stephen, Siniscalco, Dario·2022·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms23063033PMC PMC8955336
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Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.

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Crossref · 10.3390/ijms23063033

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Figure 1 Included and excluded references screened for the literature review.
Figure 1 Included and excluded references screened for the literature review.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Immune dysregulation, ASD phenotypes, and treatment responses. (A) Soluble mediators from direct transfer across the placenta target the fetal brain and induce behavioral outcomes, differential phenotypes, and drug response in autism. (B) T cell subpopulations influencing microglial functioning drive synaptic growth factors, dysregulation, and signaling pathways (such as mTOR), contributing to differential clinical ASD phenotypes and treatment responses. The figure has been drawn using Power Point 2013.
Figure 2 Immune dysregulation, ASD phenotypes, and treatment responses. (A) Soluble mediators from direct transfer across the placenta target the fetal brain and induce behavioral outcomes, differential phenotypes, and drug response in autism. (B) T cell subpopulations influencing microglial functioning drive synaptic growth factors, dysregulation, and signaling pathways (such as mTOR), contributing to differential clinical ASD phenotypes and treatment responses. The figure has been drawn using Power Point 2013.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. Robinson-Agramonte, M.A. (2015). Understanding on Neuroimmunology in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Springer International Publishing. Chapter 9.
  2. 2020, Comorbilidad en pacientes con trastornos del neurodesarollo, Rev. Cub. Pediatr., 92, e1108

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Metadata

Authors
Robinson-Agramonte, M. D. L. A., Noris García, E., Fraga Guerra, J., Vega Hurtado, Y., Antonucci, N., Semprún-Hernández, N., Schultz, S., & Siniscalco, D.
Affiliations
  • Neuroimmunology Department, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana 11300, Cuba
  • Immunology Department, National Institute of Nephrology, Havana 10600, Cuba
  • Microbiology Department, National Institute of Nephrology, Havana 10600, Cuba
  • Research Center, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana 11300, Cuba
  • Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, 70126 Bari, Italy
  • Universidad del Zulia (VE)
  • The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
  • University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-03-11
Volume
23
Issue
6
Pages
3033
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms23063033
PMC
PMC8955336
OpenAlex
W4221044978
Cited by
176
References
237
Citations by year
2026: 39 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 7
FWCI
4.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Cuban National Program of Neuroscience and Neurothecnology (PN305LH013-056)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Keywords
autism spectrum disorder, immune dysregulation, autism pathogenesis, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, peripheral blood biomarkers, immunophenotype, autism comorbidity, autism severity, obesity, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease, behavioral symptoms
MeSH terms
Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Humans, Immune System Diseases, Neurodevelopmental Disorders

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