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Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It?
Open accessAbstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.
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“In individuals with ASD, there is often an imbalance in the immune system, with heightened levels of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines or lower concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokines.”
From The Gut–Brain–Microbiota Connection and Its Role in Autism Spectrum Disorders (2025) · cites this paper as [138]
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“Upregulated inflammatory cytokines have been closely associated with ASD behavioral symptoms [138].”
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- Robinson-Agramonte, M.A. (2015). Understanding on Neuroimmunology in Autism Spectrum Disorder, Springer International Publishing. Chapter 9.
- 2020, Comorbilidad en pacientes con trastornos del neurodesarollo, Rev. Cub. Pediatr., 92, e1108
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Metadata
- Authors
- Robinson-Agramonte, M. D. L. A., Noris García, E., Fraga Guerra, J., Vega Hurtado, Y., Antonucci, N., Semprún-Hernández, N., Schultz, S., & Siniscalco, D.
- Affiliations
- Neuroimmunology Department, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana 11300, Cuba
- Immunology Department, National Institute of Nephrology, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Microbiology Department, National Institute of Nephrology, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Research Center, International Center for Neurological Restoration, Havana 11300, Cuba
- Biomedical Centre for Autism Research and Treatment, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Universidad del Zulia (VE)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (IT)
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 3033
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8955336
- OpenAlex
- W4221044978
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 237
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 4.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Cuban National Program of Neuroscience and Neurothecnology (PN305LH013-056)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, immune dysregulation, autism pathogenesis, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, peripheral blood biomarkers, immunophenotype, autism comorbidity, autism severity, obesity, neurodevelopmental disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, Parkinson's disease, behavioral symptoms
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Autistic Disorder, Humans, Immune System Diseases, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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