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Cited by 42Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchPain Mechanisms and TreatmentsPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

Inflammation, Autoimmunity, and Infection in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review

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Paroli, Marino, Gioia, Chiara, Accapezzato, Daniele, Caccavale, Rosalba·2024·International Journal of Molecular Sciences
DOI 10.3390/ijms25115922PMC PMC11172859
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Abstract

Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic disease characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain of unknown etiology. The condition is commonly associated with other symptoms, including fatigue, sleep disturbances, cognitive impairment, and depression. For this reason, FM is also referred to as FM syndrome. The nature of the pain is defined as nociplastic according to the latest international classification and is characterized by altered nervous sensitization both centrally and peripherally. Psychosocial conditions have traditionally been considered critical in the genesis of FM. However, recent studies in animal models and humans have provided new evidence in favor of an inflammatory and/or autoimmune pathogenesis. In support of this hypothesis are epidemiological data of an increased female prevalence, similar to that of autoimmune diseases, and the frequent association with immune-mediated inflammatory disorders. In addition, the observation of an increased incidence of this condition during long COVID revived the hypothesis of an infectious pathogenesis. This narrative review will, therefore, discuss the evidence supporting the immune-mediated pathogenesis of FM in light of the most current data available in the literature.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Paroli, M., Gioia, C., Accapezzato, D., & Caccavale, R.
Affiliations
Sapienza University of Rome (IT)
Corresponding author
Paroli, Marino
ORCID
Venue
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-05-29
Volume
25
Issue
11
Pages
5922
ISSN
1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ijms25115922
PMC
PMC11172859
OpenAlex
W4399130705
Cited by
42
References
11
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 3
FWCI
3.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords
fibromyalgia, autoimmunity, inflammation, infection, immune-mediated pathogenesis, nociplastic pain, central sensitization, peripheral sensitization, long COVID, immune-mediated inflammatory disorders, psychosocial factors
MeSH terms
COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Inflammation, Autoimmunity

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