Enhanced Fluctuations in Facial Pore Size, Redness, and TEWL Caused by Mask Usage Are Normalized by the Application of a Moisturizer
Open accessAbstract
Mask wearing is described as one of the main public health measures against COVID-19. Mask wearing induces various types of subjective and objective facial skin damage, such as hair pore dilatation and redness. Facial pore size and redness show morning-to-evening intra-day fluctuations. It remains unknown whether mask usage affects fluctuations in pore size and redness. We measured facial skin hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pore size, and redness four times a day for 6 weeks in 20 healthy young women. After a 2-week no-mask-usage period (baseline period), all subjects wore unwoven masks for 2 weeks; then, for the following 2 weeks, they applied masks after the topical application of a moisturizer containing a Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF) skin care formula (Pitera™). We demonstrated that mask wearing significantly increased the intra-day fluctuations of pore size, redness, and TEWL. In addition, significant correlations were evident among these three parameters. Notably, these mask-induced skin changes were significantly improved, achieving a return to baseline levels, by the application of a GFF-containing moisturizer. In conclusion, mask wearing aggravates intra-day fluctuations in pore size and redness. Appropriate moisturization can minimize this mask-related skin damage, most likely by normalizing the elevated TEWL.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Daily application of Pitera increases skin hydration and decreases TEWL of facial skin.
“clinical studies have revealed that the daily application of PiteraTM indeed increases the skin hydration and decreases the TEWL of facial skin [10,11].”
From Significant Reversal of Facial Wrinkle, Pigmented Spot and Roughness by Daily Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-Containing Skin Products for 12 Months—An 11-Year Longitudinal Skin Aging Rejuvenation Study (2023) · cites this paper as [11]
The Results (Section 3) report that a Pitera-containing moisturizer increased average skin hydration and decreased average TEWL. The Methods (Section 2.1) specify twice-daily facial application in 20 women during a mask-wearing phase; the citing sentence omits that condition and presents the finding more generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMask-induced exacerbation of fluctuations in redness and pore size is ameliorated by topical treatment with GFF.
“Mask-induced exacerbation of fluctuations in redness and pore size is also ameliorated by topical treatment with GFF [54].”
From Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
The Results report that a GFF-containing moisturizer significantly improved mask-related fluctuations in pore size and redness. The Discussion cautions that the study could not determine whether this effect was due to GFF itself or to moisturization, so it does not establish an effect of GFF alone. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGFF-containing moisturizers increase skin hydration and reduce TEWL.
“GFF-containing moisturizers are capable of increasing skin hydration and reducing TEWL [46,54].”
From Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Mask usage aggravates intraday fluctuations in facial skin conditions.
“Mask usage aggravates intraday fluctuations in these facial skin conditions [54].”
From Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes (2022) · cites this paper as [54]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Takei, K., Mitoma, C., Hashimoto‐Hachiya, A., Takahara, M., Tsuji, G., Nakahara, T., & Furue, M. (2015) · Clinical and Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/ced.12635 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 21
- [1]Li Y. Wei Z. Zhang J. Li R. Li H. Cao L. Hou L. Zhang W. Chen N. Guo K. Wearing masks to reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: A systematic evidence mapping Ann. Transl. Med. 2021 9 811 10.21037/atm-20-6745 34268424 PMC8246209 · DOI
- [2]Barnawi G.M. Barnawi A.M. Samarkandy S. The association of the prolonged use of personal protective equipment and face mask during COVID-19 pandemic with various dermatologic disease manifestations: A systematic review Cureus 2021 13 e16544 10.7759/cureus.16544 34430151 PMC8378903 · DOI
- [3]Wilcha R.J. Does wearing a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic increase the incidence of dermatological conditions in health care workers? Narrative literature review JMIR Dermatol. 2021 4 e22789 10.2196/22789 34028470 PMC8104277 · DOI
- [4]Park S.J. Han H.S. Shin S.H. Yoo K.H. Li K. Kim B.J. Seo S.J. Park K.Y. Adverse skin reactions due to use of face masks: A prospective survey during the COVID-19 pandemic in Korea J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2021 35 e628 e630 10.1111/jdv.17447 34131961 PMC8447351 · DOI
- [5]İnan Doğan E. Kaya F. Dermatological findings in patients admitting to dermatology clinic after using face masks during COVID-19 pandemia: A new health problem Dermatol. Ther. 2021 34 e14934 10.1111/dth.14934 33751746 PMC8206671 · DOI
- [6]Spigariolo C.B. Giacalone S. Nazzaro G. Maskne: The Epidemic within the pandemic: From diagnosis to therapy J. Clin. Med. 2022 11 618 10.3390/jcm11030618 35160071 PMC8836723 · DOI
- [7]Teo W.L. Diagnostic and management considerations for “maskne” in the era of COVID-19 J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2021 84 520 521 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.09.063 33011321 PMC7528820 · DOI
- [8]Kassamali B. Kus K.J.B. Min M.S. Cobos G.A. LaChance A.H. Mazori D.R. Importance of nose wires in face masks: A reply to “Diagnostic and management considerations for “maskne” in the era of COVID-19” J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2021 85 e151 e152 10.1016/j.jaad.2021.04.101 34102251 PMC8178961 · DOI
- [9]Branisteanu D.E. Toader M.P. Porumb E.A. Serban I.L. Pinzariu A.C. Branisteanu C.I. Vicovan A. Dimitriu A. Fartusnic I.A. Boda D. Adult female acne: Clinical and therapeutic particularities (Review) Exp. Ther. Med. 2022 23 151 10.3892/etm.2021.11074 35069832 PMC8753972 · DOI
- [10]Han H.S. Shin S.H. Park J.W. Li K. Kim B.J. Yoo K.H. Changes in skin characteristics after using respiratory protective equipment (medical masks and respirators) in the COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers Contact Dermat. 2021 85 225 232 10.1111/cod.13855 PMC8251455 33813749 · DOI
- [11]Hua W. Zuo Y. Wan R. Xiong L. Tang J. Zou L. Shu X. Li L. Short-term skin reactions following use of N95 respirators and medical masks Contact Dermat. 2020 83 115 121 10.1111/cod.13601 32406064 PMC7272965 · DOI
- [12]Kim J. Yoo S. Kwon O.S. Jeong E.T. Lim J.M. Park S.G. Influence of quarantine mask use on skin characteristics: One of the changes in our life caused by the COVID-19 pandemic Skin Res. Technol. 2021 27 599 606 10.1111/srt.12992 33369781 PMC8359323 · DOI
- [13]Park S.R. Han J. Yeon Y.M. Kang N.Y. Kim E. Suh B.F. Long-term effects of face masks on skin characteristics during the COVID-19 pandemic Skin Res. Technol. 2022 28 153 161 10.1111/srt.13107 34668244 PMC8662003 · DOI
- [14]Miyamoto K. Dissanayake B. Omotezako T. Takemura M. Tsuji G. Furue M. Daily fluctuation of facial pore area, roughness and redness among young Japanese women; Beneficial effects of Galactomyces ferment filtrate containing antioxidative skin care formula J. Clin. Med. 2021 10 2502 10.3390/jcm10112502 34198790 PMC8200969 · DOI · Paper page
- [15]Yosipovitch G. Xiong G.L. Haus E. Sackett-Lundeen L. Ashkenazi I. Maibach H.I. Time-dependent variations of the skin barrier function in humans: Transepidermal water loss, stratum corneum hydration, skin surface pH, and skin temperature J. Investig. Dermatol. 1998 110 20 23 10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00069.x 9424081 · DOI
- [16]Furue K. Ito T. Tanaka Y. Yumine A. Hashimoto-Hachiya A. Takemura M. Murata M. Yamamura K. Tsuji G. Furue M. Cyto/chemokine profile of in vitro scratched keratinocyte model: Implications of significant upregulation of CCL20, CXCL8 and IL36G in Koebner phenomenon J. Dermatol. Sci. 2019 94 244 251 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.04.002 31010609 · DOI
- [17]Furue K. Ito T. Tanaka Y. Hashimoto-Hachiya A. Takemura M. Murata M. Kido-Nakahara M. Tsuji G. Nakahara T. Furue M. The EGFR-ERK/JNK-CCL20 pathway in scratched keratinocytes may underpin Koebnerization in psoriasis patients Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020 21 434 10.3390/ijms21020434 PMC7013594 31936670 · DOI
- [18]Furue K. Ito T. Tsuji G. Nakahara T. Furue M. Scratch wound-induced CXCL8 upregulation is EGFR-dependent in keratinocytes J. Dermatol. Sci. 2020 99 209 212 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.07.002 32690371 · DOI
- [19]Damiani G. Gironi L.C. Kridin K. Pacifico A. Buja A. Bragazzi N.L. Spalkowska M. Pigatto P.D.M. Santus P. Mask-induced Koebner phenomenon and its clinical phenotypes: A multicenter, real-life study focusing on 873 dermatological consultations during COVID-19 pandemics Dermatol. Ther. 2021 34 e14823 10.1111/dth.14823 33527560 PMC7995036 · DOI
- [20]Sun X. Chen L. Shen Z. Mask-induced Koebner phenomenon in an inverse psoriatic patient during COVID-19 pandemic Contact Dermat. 2022 86 50 52 10.1111/cod.13967 PMC8653386 34487546 · DOI
- [23]Hashimoto-Hachiya A. Tsuji G. Furue M. Antioxidants cinnamaldehyde and Galactomyces fermentation filtrate downregulate senescence marker CDKN2A/p16INK4A via NRF2 activation in keratinocytes J. Dermatol. Sci. 2019 96 53 56 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2019.09.002 31606066 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes
Yan, X., Tsuji, G., Hashimoto-Hachiya, A., & Furue, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216338 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationMiyamoto, K., Inoue, Y., Yan, X., Yagi, S., Suda, S., & Furue, M. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12031168 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Miyamoto, K., Munakata, Y., Yan, X., Tsuji, G., & Furue, M.
- Affiliations
- Procter & Gamble Japan K.K. (Japan) (JP)
- Kyushu University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Miyamoto, Kukizo
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-04-11
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2121
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9030563
- OpenAlex
- W4223511825
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatological and COVID-19 studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
- Keywords
- masking, COVID-19 pandemic, skin redness, transepidermal water loss, skin hydration, emollients
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
