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Cited by 9Skin Protection and AgingFacial Rejuvenation and Surgery TechniquesDermatology and Skin Diseases

Significant Reversal of Facial Wrinkle, Pigmented Spot and Roughness by Daily Application of Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate-Containing Skin Products for 12 Months—An 11-Year Longitudinal Skin Aging Rejuvenation Study

Open access
Miyamoto, Kukizo, Inoue, Yasuko, Yan, Xianghong, Yagi, Shiomi, Suda, Sudarsana, Furue, Masutaka·2023·Journal of Clinical Medicine
DOI 10.3390/jcm12031168PMC PMC9917576
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Abstract

Facial skin aging is an important psychophysical and social concern, especially in women. We compared facial parameters reflecting aging of the skin in 1999 and 2010 in 86 female volunteers. Then, all subjects applied three Galactomyces ferment filtrate-containing skin care products (G3 products; SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, SK-II Cellumination Essence, and SK-II Skin Signature Cream) twice daily for 12 months (M), with the skin parameters being measured at 2 M, 8 M, and 12 M during this period. Facial skin aging parameters such as wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated during the 11-year interval. This 11-year aging process was associated with reduced hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Notably, treatment with G3 products significantly and cumulatively increased skin hydration with a correlated reduction of TEWL during the 12 M treatment period. Such treatment also significantly and cumulatively reversed the 11-year facial skin aging in the three parameters of wrinkles, spots, and roughness. These results suggest that facial skin retains the potential to recover from the aging process when it is applied with appropriate cosmetic agents.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In 86 Japanese women, facial wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness significantly worsened over an 11-year interval, alongside reduced hydration and increased TEWL. Twice-daily use of three Galactomyces ferment filtrate-containing products for 12 months significantly and cumulatively reversed these aging parameters, with an estimated mean reversal of −9.23 ± 3.19 years at 12 months.

Key findings

  • From 1999 to 2010, facial skin hydration significantly decreased and TEWL increased; wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness were significantly aggravated, as were pore size and sebum production, while elasticity and lightness decreased and yellowness increased.
  • Twice-daily application of G3 products for 12 months significantly increased hydration and reduced TEWL, returning both toward 1999 baseline levels; wrinkles, spots, and roughness also gradually and significantly decreased to 1999 baseline levels.
  • Estimated reversed years from the actual 11-year aging were −4.77 ± 1.24 years at 2 M, −7.07 ± 2.58 years at 8 M, and −9.23 ± 3.19 years at 12 M.
  • Change in skin hydration (12 M–0 M) was negatively correlated with change in TEWL (r = −0.322, p = 0.028), wrinkles (r = −0.373, p = 0.025), spots (r = −0.430, p = 0.018), and roughness (r = −0.466, p < 0.01).

Methods

  • Longitudinal study of 86 healthy Japanese females in Akita City, Japan; facial skin parameters were measured in 1999 and 2010, then all participants applied three GFF-containing products (SK-II Facial Treatment Essence, Cellumination Essence, and Skin Signature Cream) twice daily for 12 months, with measurements at 0, 2, 8, and 12 M.
  • Facial imaging used the Beauty Imaging System with standardized positioning and lighting; image analysis quantified wrinkle area fraction, hyperpigmented spot area fraction, texture/roughness area fraction, pore area fraction, and skin color.
  • Biophysical measurements included Corneometer for hydration, Tewameter for TEWL, Cutometer for elasticity, and Sebumeter for sebum; statistical analysis used Pearson correlations and two-way ANOVA with significance at p < 0.05.

Limitations

  • The paper states that it did not address how well antiaging effects were sustained after cessation of G3 product use, did not know the mechanism by which topical G3 products increased skin elasticity, and did not know whether redness values are affected by facial skin aging in Caucasian populations.
  • Evident from the text: there was no separate control or vehicle group; all 86 participants received the same G3 regimen, so the study cannot fully isolate product effects from other factors.
  • Evident from the text: the study reports multiple correlated outcomes and subgroup analyses, but the abstract and results emphasize significant findings without detailing multiplicity correction or effect sizes beyond the reported correlations and estimated reversal years.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/jcm12031168

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

7 of 17 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    GFF potentiates the anti-inflammaging system in epidermal keratinocytes.

    “It also potentiates the anti-inflammaging system in epidermal keratinocytes [9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Yan, X., Tsuji, G., Hashimoto-Hachiya, A., and Furue, M. (2022). Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes. J. Clin. Med., 11. source
  • Findingown data

    Facial pore size and sebum production significantly increased from 1999 to 2010 in 86 female volunteers.

    “Facial pore size and sebum production were also significantly increased in the aging process (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § 3.4. Effects of G3 Product Application on Other Skin Parameters · plain
      “Facial pore size (Figure 11A) and sebum production (Figure 11B) were increased during the aging process from 1999 to 2010 (0 M).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The changes from 1999 to 2010 reflect chronological or biological aging rather than secular or environmental changes.
  • Findingown data

    Facial skin lightness decreased in 2010 compared with 1999 in 86 female volunteers.

    “In addition, facial skin yellowness was increased, while its lightness was decreased in 2010 compared with the findings in 1999 (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § 3.4. Effects of G3 Product Application on Other Skin Parameters · plain
      “Facial skin lightness (Figure 12A) was deteriorated (became darker) during the aging process”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The changes from 1999 to 2010 reflect chronological or biological aging rather than secular or environmental changes.
  • Findingown data

    In 86 female volunteers, wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness significantly aggravated during the 11-year interval from 1999 to 2010.

    “In parallel with this, three aging-related parameters, namely wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness, were also significantly aggravated during the 11-year interval (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Facial skin aging parameters such as wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated during the 11-year interval.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “There was significant aggravation of facial aging parameters such as wrinkles, spots, and roughness in all 86 participants during the 11-year interval.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The changes from 1999 to 2010 reflect chronological or biological aging rather than secular or environmental changes.
  • Findingown data

    Facial skin yellowness increased in 2010 compared with 1999 in 86 female volunteers.

    “In addition, facial skin yellowness was increased, while its lightness was decreased in 2010 compared with the findings in 1999 (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § 3.4. Effects of G3 Product Application on Other Skin Parameters · plain
      “In contrast, facial skin yellowness was significantly increased in 2010 (0 M) compared with the level in 1999.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The changes from 1999 to 2010 reflect chronological or biological aging rather than secular or environmental changes.
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 7

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Daily application of Pitera increases skin hydration and decreases TEWL of facial skin.

    “clinical studies have revealed that the daily application of PiteraTM indeed increases the skin hydration and decreases the TEWL of facial skin [10,11].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [10] Miyamoto, K., Dissanayake, B., Omotezako, T., Takemura, M., Tsuji, G., and Furue, M. (2021). Daily fluctuation of facial pore area, roughness and redness among young Japanese women; Beneficial effects of Galactomyces ferment filtrate containing antioxidative skin care formula. J. Clin. Med., 10. source

      The Clinical Study Protocol describes twice-daily facial application of GFF (Pitera®), and the Discussion reports increased skin hydration in this study. Our copy does not report a decrease in transepidermal water loss (TEWL); the TEWL search found no such result. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [11] Miyamoto, K., Munakata, Y., Yan, X., Tsuji, G., and Furue, M. (2022). Enhanced Fluctuations in Facial Pore Size, Redness, and TEWL Caused by Mask Usage Are Normalized by the Application of a Moisturizer. J. Clin. Med., 11. source

      The Results (Section 3) report that a Pitera-containing moisturizer increased average skin hydration and decreased average TEWL. The Methods (Section 2.1) specify twice-daily facial application in 20 women during a mask-wearing phase; the citing sentence omits that condition and presents the finding more generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GFF activates aryl hydrocarbon receptor and enhances the expression of filaggrin, which is an essential source of natural moisturizing factors.

    “GFF is known to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor and enhance the expression of filaggrin, which is an essential source of natural moisturizing factors [5,9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Takei, 2015, Galactomyces fermentation filtrate prevents T helper 2-mediated reduction of filaggrin in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent manner, Clin. Exp. Dermatol. source
    • cites [9] Yan, X., Tsuji, G., Hashimoto-Hachiya, A., and Furue, M. (2022). Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes. J. Clin. Med., 11. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GFF accelerates the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 in epidermal keratinocytes and contributes to anti-inflammaging.

    “GFF also accelerates the production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-37 in epidermal keratinocytes and contributes to anti-inflammaging [9,22].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Yan, X., Tsuji, G., Hashimoto-Hachiya, A., and Furue, M. (2022). Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Potentiates an Anti-Inflammaging System in Keratinocytes. J. Clin. Med., 11. source

      Section 8 reports that GFF upregulates anti-inflammatory IL-37 in human keratinocytes and that the induced IL-37 downregulates IL-33. The paper describes GFF’s anti-inflammaging effects as possible, however, and does not establish that IL-37 production itself contributes to them. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [22] Tsuji, 2022, Natural Compounds Tapinarof and Galactomyces Ferment Filtrate Downregulate IL-33 Expression via the AHR/IL-37 Axis in Human Keratinocytes, Front. Immunol. source

      The Results (page not supplied) show that GFF increased IL-37 mRNA and protein in human epidermal keratinocytes. The Discussion (page not supplied) links declining IL-37 to inflammaging but says AHR modulators such as GFF *should* be beneficial for aging; it does not demonstrate that GFF counteracts inflammaging. The Results also report intracellular IL-37 expression, not detectable secretion. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GFF increases the expression of filaggrin, caspase-14, and claudin-1, which may facilitate the production of natural moisturizing factors and strengthen the tight junction structure.

    “GFF is known to increase the expression of filaggrin, caspase-14, and claudin-1, which may facilitate the production of natural moisturizing factors and strengthen the tight junction structure [5,7,8].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [5] Takei, 2015, Galactomyces fermentation filtrate prevents T helper 2-mediated reduction of filaggrin in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent manner, Clin. Exp. Dermatol. source
    • cites [7] Pang, 2011, Up-regulation of tight junction-related proteins and increase of human epidermal keratinocytes barrier function by Saccharomycosis ferment filtrate, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. Sci. Appl. source

      Section 3.3 reports that Saccharomycopsis ferment filtrate (SFF) increased claudin-1 expression in cultured human keratinocytes, and the Discussion links increased tight-junction proteins to improved barrier function. The paper does not identify SFF as GFF or report increased filaggrin, caspase-14, or natural moisturizing factor production. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [8] Kataoka, 2013, Human keratinocyte caspase-14 expression is altered in human epidermal 3D models by dexamethasone and by natural products used in cosmetics, Arch. Dermatol. Res. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Twice-daily application of G3 products for 12 months significantly decreased TEWL in 86 female subjects; elevated TEWL at 0M in 2010 gradually decreased and returned to 1999 baseline levels after 12M.

    “Meanwhile, the elevated TEWL values at 0 M in 2010 were gradually and significantly decreased and returned to the 1999 baseline levels after the 12 M treatment with the G3 products (Figure 2B).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “with a correlated reduction of TEWL during the 12 M treatment period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: No concurrent interventions or environmental changes account for the observed improvements during G3 treatment; the effects are attributable to G3 products.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Twice-daily application of G3 products for 12 months significantly increased skin hydration in 86 female subjects; hydration increased even at 2M and further increased to 1999 baseline levels at 8M and 12M.

    “As expected, the treatment with G3 products significantly increased the skin hydration, even at 2 M (Figure 2A). It was further increased to the 1999 baseline levels at 8 M and 12 M (Figure 2A).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “treatment with G3 products significantly and cumulatively increased skin hydration with a correlated reduction of TEWL during the 12 M treatment period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: No concurrent interventions or environmental changes account for the observed improvements during G3 treatment; the effects are attributable to G3 products.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In 86 healthy Japanese females, facial skin hydration significantly decreased and TEWL significantly increased from 1999 to 2010 (11-year interval).

    “As expected, the facial skin hydration was significantly decreased with a reciprocal increase in TEWL in 2010 compared with the findings in 1999 (Table 1).”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “This 11-year aging process was associated with reduced hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The changes from 1999 to 2010 reflect chronological or biological aging rather than secular or environmental changes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Estimated reversed years of skin aging compared to own 11-year longitudinal aging were -4.77 ± 1.24 years at 2M, -7.07 ± 2.58 years at 8M, and -9.23 ± 3.19 years at 12M.

    “The estimated numbers of reversed years were −4.77 ± 1.24 years at 2 M, −7.07 ± 2.58 years at 8 M, and −9.23 ± 3.19 years at 12 M (Figure 5A).”
    • Also stated in: § 4. Discussion · plain
      “The estimated mean number of reversed years was −9.2.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The Overall Skin Aging Score changes linearly with years of facial aging, so the formula can estimate reversed years.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Twice-daily application of G3 products for 12 months significantly decreased wrinkles, spots, and roughness in 86 female subjects; aggravated values at 0M in 2010 gradually decreased to 1999 baseline levels.

    “Notably, the aggravated wrinkles (Figure 3A), spots (Figure 3B), and roughness (Figure 4A) at 0 M in 2010 were also gradually and significantly decreased to the 1999 baseline levels by the application of G3 products during the 12 M treatment period.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Such treatment also significantly and cumulatively reversed the 11-year facial skin aging in the three parameters of wrinkles, spots, and roughness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: No concurrent interventions or environmental changes account for the observed improvements during G3 treatment; the effects are attributable to G3 products.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Daily application of G3 products gradually decreased facial skin yellowness, with significant reduction observed after 12M application.

    “Daily application of G3 products gradually decreased the facial skin yellowness (Figure 11B). Significant reduction of yellowness was observed after 12 M application of G3 products in 2010 (12 M) (Figure 12B).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: No concurrent interventions or environmental changes account for the observed improvements during G3 treatment; the effects are attributable to G3 products.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The increased hydration may explain, at least in part, why the G3 products exhibit antiaging effects, because increased hydration was significantly correlated with antiwrinkle, antispot, and antiroughness effects of G3 products.

    “The increased hydration may explain, at least in part, why the G3 products exhibit antiaging effects because the increased hydration was significantly correlated with antiwrinkle, antispot, and antiroughness effects of G3 products.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Global Product Stewardship in P&G Innovation Godo Kaisya (ethical approval number CT10-016), and written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to enrollment.

    “The study protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of Global Product Stewardship in P&G Innovation Godo Kaisya (ethical approval number CT10-016). Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to enrollment in the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The camera was calibrated for each measurement, making it possible to apply the same measurement conditions, including the position of the face, for both the 1999 and 2010 measurements.

    “The camera was calibrated for each measurement, which made it possible to apply the same measurement conditions, including the position of the face, for both the 1999 and 2010 measurements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and skin roughness are considered particularly representative of an older appearance of the female face.

    “Among various skin aging parameters, wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and skin roughness are considered to be particularly representative of an older appearance of the female face [1].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Miyamoto, 2011, Characterization of comprehensive appearances of skin ageing: An 11-year longitudinal study on facial skin ageing in Japanese females at Akita, J. Dermatol. Sci. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The examination room was maintained at a constant temperature and humidity, and both the 1999 and 2010 studies were performed in late March to avoid any influence of seasonal variations.

    “The examination room was maintained at a constant temperature and humidity (room temperature 20 ± 2 °C, relative humidity 50 ± 5%). To avoid any influence of seasonal variations, both the 1999 and 2010 studies were performed in late March.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Skin barrier function tends to be impaired by facial skin aging, as assessed by decreased skin hydration and increased TEWL.

    “Skin barrier function also tends to be impaired by facial skin aging, as assessed by decreased skin hydration and increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) [1].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Miyamoto, 2011, Characterization of comprehensive appearances of skin ageing: An 11-year longitudinal study on facial skin ageing in Japanese females at Akita, J. Dermatol. Sci. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    None of the subjects underwent any type of esthetic treatment such as laser cosmetic procedures during the study period.

    “None of the subjects underwent any type of esthetic treatment such as laser cosmetic procedures during the study period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    GFF works as a potent antioxidative agonist for aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

    “SK-II Pitera™ contains Galactomyces ferment filtrate (GFF), which works as a potent antioxidative agonist for aryl hydrocarbon receptor [5,6].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [5] Takei, 2015, Galactomyces fermentation filtrate prevents T helper 2-mediated reduction of filaggrin in an aryl hydrocarbon receptor-dependent manner, Clin. Exp. Dermatol. source
    • cites [6] Tsuji, 2019, Antioxidants cinnamaldehyde and Galactomyces fermentation filtrate downregulate senescence marker CDKN2A/p16INK4A via NRF2 activation in keratinocytes, J. Dermatol. Sci. source
18 of 18

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    No concurrent interventions or environmental changes account for the observed improvements during G3 treatment; the effects are attributable to G3 products.

    “These results suggest that aged facial skin may be rejuvenated by applying appropriate cosmetic agents.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The changes from 1999 to 2010 reflect chronological or biological aging rather than secular or environmental changes.

    “Facial skin aging parameters such as wrinkles, hyperpigmented spots, and roughness significantly deteriorated during the 11-year interval.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The Overall Skin Aging Score changes linearly with years of facial aging, so the formula can estimate reversed years.

    “Based on the Overall Skin Aging Score, reversal years of skin aging compared to own 11-year longitudinal skin aging was estimated as follows:RevealYearsofSkinAging=((ΔOverallAgingScorefrom2M,8Mor12M−1999)/(ΔOveralAgingScorefrom2010−1999))x11(years)”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There have been no decade-long longitudinal studies evaluating the rejuvenating potential of certain cosmeceutical products.

    “However, there has been no decade-long longitudinal studies to evaluate the rejuvenating potential of certain cosmeceutical products.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 86 Japanese female volunteers are representative of facial skin generally for the conclusion that facial skin retains the potential to recover from aging.

    “These results suggest that facial skin retains the potential to recover from the aging process when it is applied with appropriate cosmetic agents.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Figure 11B is assigned to both sebum and yellowness

    Minor

    The results identify Figure 11B as showing sebum production, then cite the same panel for facial skin yellowness. The following sentence instead cites Figure 12B for yellowness.

  • Participant nationality changes in the discussion

    Minor

    The methods identify the 86 participants as Japanese, but the discussion describes the participants in this study as Chinese.

  • Change-score dates use 2000 instead of 2010

    Minor

    The change-score description labels the treatment measurements as occurring in 2000, whereas the study protocol places the initial measurement and subsequent treatment measurements in 2010.

3 of 3

Cites

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1 of the 26 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

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Related

Authors
Miyamoto, K., Inoue, Y., Yan, X., Yagi, S., Suda, S., & Furue, M.
Affiliations
  • Procter & Gamble Japan K.K. (Japan) (JP)
  • Research and Development, Kobe Innovation Center, Procter and Gamble Innovation GK, Kobe 651-0088, Japan
  • Kyushu University (JP)
Corresponding author
Miyamoto, Kukizo
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Clinical Medicine
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-01
Volume
12
Issue
3
Pages
1168
ISSN
2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/jcm12031168
PMC
PMC9917576
OpenAlex
W4319018802
Cited by
9
References
26
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1
FWCI
2.48
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatology and Skin Diseases
Keywords
facial skin aging, skin rejuvenation, wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, skin roughness, skin hydration, transepidermal water loss, SK-II

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