Gastrointestinal transit times in health as determined using ingestible capsule systems: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Ingestible capsule (IC) systems can assess gastrointestinal (GI) transit times as a surrogate for gut motility for extended periods of time within a minimally invasive, radiation-free and ambulatory setting. METHODS: A literature review of IC systems and a systematic review of studies utilizing IC systems to measure GI transit times in healthy volunteers was performed. Screening for eligible studies, data extraction and bias assessments was performed by two reviewers. A narrative synthesis of the results was performed. RESULTS: The literature review identified 23 different IC systems. The systematic review found 6892 records, of which 22 studies were eligible. GI transit time data were available from a total of 1885 healthy volunteers. Overall, seventeen included studies reported gastric emptying time (GET) and small intestinal transit time (SITT). Colonic transit time (CTT) was reported in nine studies and whole gut transit time (WGTT) was reported in eleven studies. GI transit times in the included studies ranged between 0.4 and 15.3 h for GET, 3.3-7 h for SITT, 15.9-28.9 h for CTT and 23.0-37.4 h for WGTT. GI transit times, notably GET, were influenced by the study protocol. CONCLUSIONS: This review provides an up-to-date overview of IC systems and reference ranges for GI transit times. It also highlights the need to standardise protocols to differentiate between normal and pathological function.
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Huber, H., Schieren, A., Holst, J. J., & Simon, M.-C. (2024) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.01.007 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Nature-inspired miniaturized magnetic soft robotic swimmers
Pramanik, R., Verstappen, R. W. C. P., & Onck, P. R. (2024) · Applied Physics Reviews · doi:10.1063/5.0189185 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Centanni, M., Duntas, L., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., Koehrle, J., Peeters, R. P., Razvi, S., Trimboli, P., & Virili, C. (2025) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-25-0123 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Kozu, H., Kobayashi, I., & Ichikawa, S. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14081435 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Agrawal, N., Siddiqui, M. A., Gupta, S., Jaiswal, M., & Lanjhiyana, S. K. (2025) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-025-01019-w · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Intestinal retentive delivery system for improved disease therapy
Wu, X., Wu, W., Jutaek, N., Rong, L., & Han, K. (2025) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2025.113903 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Using a human colonoid-derived monolayer to study bacteriophage translocation
Le, H. T., Fajardo-Lubian, A., Bowring, B. G., van der Poorten, D., Iredell, J. R., George, J., Venturini, C., Ahlenstiel, G., & Read, S. A. (2024) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2024.2331520 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Yuan, S., Xue, S., Kang, J., Li, X. R., Wang, X., Xiang, X., Feng, X., & Chen, L. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.147652 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An Overview of Colon Specific Drug Delivery: Approaches and Evaluation Aspects
Siddiqui, M. A., Agrawal, N., Jaiswal, M., Gupta, S., & Lanjhiyana, S. K. (2025) · Current Drug Research Reviews · doi:10.2174/0125899775364358250124105814 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
From the organ bath to the whole person: a review of human colonic motility
Wattchow, D. A., Brookes, S. J., Spencer, N. J., Heitmann, P. T., GIORGIO, R. D., Costa, M., & Dinning, P. G. (2023) · ANZ Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1111/ans.18779 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Artificial Intelligence’s role in colon-targeted drug delivery
Favaron, A., Abdalla, Y., Basit, A. W., & Orlu, M. (2025) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2025.2465769 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluating drug absorption from enteric capsules in pigs: Impact of capsule size on gastric emptying
Hoffmann, S. V., Griffin, B. T., Jannin, V., & O’Shea, J. P. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107237 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Qu, W., Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Chen, Y., Wang, L., Huang, J. Y., & Yin, J. (2026) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods15010147 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Nguyen, S., Le, T. A., Guven, M. N., Lu, C., Alabay, H. H., & Ceylan, H. (2026) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2026.115007 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Liang, X., Fraczkiewicz, G., Jain, K. M. H., Wan, B., Ishida, K., & Lai, Y. (2026) · The AAPS Journal · doi:10.1208/s12248-026-01220-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
First Brazilian expert consensus for video capsule endoscopy and balloon-assisted enteroscopy
Safatle‐Ribeiro, A. V., Diniz, C. A. M. F., Amorim, C., Teixeira, E. F. L., Porto, F. H., Poletti, P., de Abreu, S. G., Botler, A., Facanali, M. R., Arantes, V., et al. (2026) · Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.clinsp.2026.100980 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Guzov, I., & Pecherina, E. (2026) · V F Snegirev Archives of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.17816/aog703810 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
von Mühlenbrock, C., Landskron, G., Massardo, T., Muñoz, P., Herrera, K., & Madrid, A. M. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4339707/v1
Kafkala, S., Savvopoulos, P., Maliaritis, E., & Markopoulou, C. K. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2026.107518
Role of Luminal Calcium in the Permeation of Phytate Across Caco-2 Monolayer
Bäuerle, T., Kunz, C., & Briviba, K. (2026) · Applied Biosciences · doi:10.3390/applbiosci5020029
Pharmacokinetics of venetoclax in a patient after whipple pancreaticoduodenectomy
Le, T. V., Dunn, A., Holleran, J. L., Marino, C., Burrie, A., Emadi, A., & Beumer, J. H. (2026) · Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00280-026-04895-9
Direct mechanical stimulation triggers hatching in Trichuris suis eggs
Miyamoto, T., Odagawa, T., Sakurai, T., Hoshina, T., Horino, T., & Kanuka, H. (2026) · Parasitology International · doi:10.1016/j.parint.2026.103298
Yoon, H.-J., Lim, W., Jung, H. W., Kwon, T.-E., Seo, D., & Yoo, S. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.152707
Pereira-Costa, F., Domingues, V. S., Roque, A., Almeida, Z. L., Cruz, P. F., Cordeiro, R., Trindade, D., Moura, C. S., Melo, J. B., Pereira, S. G., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2026.1842801
Next-generation colon-targeted oral delivery for immune modulation in inflammatory bowel diseases
Lin, S.-W., Wang, L., Chao, P., Chou, P.-Y., & Li, S. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115218
Slow Dietary Energy Release From Glucose Sources
Qi, X., & Tester, R. F. (2026) · Cereal Chemistry · doi:10.1002/cche.70110
Yamaoka, I. (2026) · Journal of Imaging · doi:10.3390/jimaging12090444
Huang, K., Ren, W., Zhu, N., Mu, L., Yang, Y., & Zhang, H. (2026) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.76221
- Authors
- Nandhra, G. K., Chaichanavichkij, P., Birch, M., & Scott, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Nandhra, Gursharan Kaur
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-08-13
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 5272
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10455695
- OpenAlex
- W4385812239
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 1.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Queen Mary Research Online (Queen Mary University of London) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastroesophageal reflux and treatments
- Keywords
- gastrointestinal transit time, gastric emptying time, small intestinal transit time, colonic transit time, whole gut transit time, intestinal motility, healthy volunteers, reference values, protocol standardisation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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