A Multivariate Evaluation of 25 Proximal and Distal Risk-Factors for Gambling-Related Harm

Browne, Matthew; Hing, Nerilee; Rockloff, Matthew; Russell, Alex M. T.; Greer, Nancy; Nicoll, Fiona; Smith, Garry

doi:10.3390/jcm8040509

Cited by 71Gambling Behavior and TreatmentsSubstance Abuse Treatment and OutcomesDecision-Making and Behavioral Economics

A Multivariate Evaluation of 25 Proximal and Distal Risk-Factors for Gambling-Related Harm

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Browne, Matthew, Hing, Nerilee, Rockloff, Matthew, Russell, Alex M. T., Greer, Nancy, Nicoll, Fiona, Smith, Garry·2019·Journal of Clinical Medicine

DOI 10.3390/jcm8040509PMC PMC6518151

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Abstract

Individual differences in the risk of developing gambling-related harm play an important role in theoretical models and practical interventions. The present study attempted comprehensive measurement and evaluation of 25 known risk factors for gambling-related harm in order to determine which factors provided large and unique explanatory power. We surveyed 1650 regular gamblers from an online panel, screening in 1174 (466 male) who passed all checks of attention and response consistency. We evaluated each risk factor based on bivariate correlations with harms, then made separate multivariate evaluations of proximal (e.g., gambling motivations) and distal (e.g., religiosity) risk factors. Almost all bivariate correlations were significant, but most distal factors were not significant in multivariate models. Trait impulsivity was the most important risk factor by a large margin. Excessive consumption, less use of safe gambling practices, and more fallacies were key proximal risks of harm. Many well-known correlates of gambling harm (e.g., youth, lower educational attainment) do not show a direct role in the development of gambling harm when controlling for other factors. The results support theoretical models that emphasise early conditioning and biological vulnerability (manifested through impulsivity). Since maladaptive cognitive and behavioural schemas appear to be more important than motivations (e.g., escape, excitement, ego), interventions may benefit by targeting these proximal drivers of harm.

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Not all social media users become addicted, and there are a variety of reasons why particular individuals are vulnerable to becoming addicted to various behaviors, including genetics, environmental factors, and individual vulnerabilities.
“Not all social media users, of course, become addicted, and there are a variety of reasons why particular individuals are vulnerable to becoming addicted to various behaviors, including genetics, environmental factors, and individual vulnerabilities (Browne et al., 2019; Kim & Hodgins, 2018).”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Browne et al., 2019
The Introduction (§§1.2–1.3; page unavailable) describes environmental, biological, and individual risk factors that help explain why some people develop gambling problems and others do not. It does not specifically establish a genetic contribution or address social-media addiction or addiction across various behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Authors: Browne, M., Hing, N., Rockloff, M., Russell, A. M. T., Greer, N., Nicoll, F., & Smith, G.
Affiliations: Central Queensland University (AU)
University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Browne, Matthew
ORCID: Browne, Matthew
Hing, Nerilee
Rockloff, Matthew
Russell, Alex M. T.
Greer, Nancy
Nicoll, Fiona
Venue: Journal of Clinical Medicine
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2019-04-13
Volume: 8
Issue: 4
Pages: 509
ISSN: 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/jcm8040509
PMC: PMC6518151
OpenAlex: W2936368383
Cited by: 71
References: 41
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2
FWCI: 9.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
dx.doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Acquire (CQUniversity) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Alberta Gambling Research Institute, University of Alberta (NA)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
Keywords: gambling harm, gambling risk factors, trait impulsivity, proximal risk factors, gambling motivation, excessive gambling, logical fallacies, religiosity, educational attainment, biological vulnerability, gambling interventions

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A Multivariate Evaluation of 25 Proximal and Distal Risk-Factors for Gambling-Related Harm

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