Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns and Th-Cell-Related Cytokines Released after Progressive Effort
Open accessAbstract
Inflammation-induced processes commence with the activation of signalling pathways at the cellular level, which mobilize inflammatory cells and stimulate the secretion of chemokines, cytokines, and damage-associated molecular pattern molecules (DAMPs). Physical effort stimulates inflammation, contributing to muscle repair and regeneration. We have examined the impact of different protocols of progressive-effort tests on T-cell DAMP levels, extracellular cleavage products (fibronectin and hyaluronan), and Th-cell-related cytokine levels among soccer players. Thirty male soccer players with a median age of 17 (16–22) years performed different defined protocols for progressive exercise until exhaustion: (1) YO-YO intermittent recovery test level 1 (YYRL1, n = 10); (2) maximal multistage 20 m shuttle run (Beep, n = 10); and mechanical treadmill (MT, n = 10); and (3) shuttle-run test (n = 10). Blood samples were taken three times as follows: at baseline, post effort, and in recovery. Significantly higher post-effort concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ were observed in the Beep group, IL-4 in the YYRL1 group, and IL-6 and IFN-γ in the MT group as compared with the baseline values. Recovery values were significantly higher for concentrations of IL-4, IL-10, and IFN-γ in the YYRL1 group, only for IFN-γ in the Beep group, and for IL-6, IL-10, and INF-γ in the MT group as compared with the baseline values. Post-effort concentrations of DEFβ2, Hsp27, Fn, and UA in the Beep group and Hsp27 and HA in the YYRL1 group were significantly higher as compared with the baseline values. It seems the performed efficiency test protocols caused a short-term imbalance in Th1/Th2 cytokine levels without giving common molecular patterns. The rapidity of these changes was apparently related to specific physical movements and the type of running surface.
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Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, ROS, and fragmented ECM components such as hyaluronic acid or fibronectin are among the most renowned DAMPs.
“Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and fragmented ECM components such as hyaluronic acid or fibronectin are among the most renowned DAMPs, which are released due to perturbation in the arrangement of nucleic acids within cells, transplantation imperfections such as ischemia-reperfusion, and harsh decellularization strategies, respectively [34–37].”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
The Methods section (2.4; page unavailable) identifies hyaluronic acid and fibronectin as DAMPs, and the Discussion (section 4; page unavailable) describes them as extracellular cleavage products. The copy does not identify nuclear or mitochondrial DNA or reactive oxygen species as DAMPs; its references to DNA damage and oxidative stress do not establish that part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe interaction of dECM scaffolds with the innate immune system is mainly mediated via DAMPs, danger signals released upon cell and ECM damage during graft processing or implantation.
“The interaction of dECM scaffolds with the innate immune system is mainly mediated via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), danger signals released upon the cell and ECM damage during graft processing or implantation.”
From Immunogenicity of decellularized extracellular matrix scaffolds: a bottleneck in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
The Introduction links DAMPs to inflammation, and the Discussion describes fibronectin and hyaluronic acid as extracellular cleavage products released after exhaustive effort. The paper does not address dECM scaffolds, graft processing or implantation, or establish that DAMPs mainly mediate scaffold interactions with innate immunity. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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- Authors
- Kostrzewa-Nowak, D., Ciechanowicz, A., Clark, J. S. C., & Nowak, R.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Human Structural and Functional Research, University of Szczecin, 17C Narutowicza St., 70-240 Szczecin, Poland
- Pomeranian Medical University (PL)
- University of Szczecin (PL)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-03-23
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 876
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7141504
- OpenAlex
- W3012865154
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki (DEC-2017/01/X/NZ7/01389)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- damage-associated molecular patterns, Th1/Th2 balance, exercise-induced inflammation, soccer players, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, IL-10, IL-4, fibronectin, hyaluronic acid, HSP27, treadmill running, shuttle run, post-exercise recovery
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