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Multifunctional Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as Promising Magnetic Biomaterials in Drug Delivery: A Review

Vasić, Katja, Knez, Željko, Leitgeb, Maja·2024·Journal of Functional Biomaterials
DOI 10.3390/jfb15080227PMC PMC11355331
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Abstract

A wide range of applications using functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) in biomedical applications, such as in biomedicine as well as in biotechnology, have been extensively expanding over the last years. Their potential is tremendous in delivery and targeting systems due to their advantages in biosubstance binding. By applying magnetic materials-based biomaterials to different organic polymers, highly advanced multifunctional bio-composites with high specificity, efficiency, and optimal bioavailability are designed and implemented in various bio-applications. In modern drug delivery, the importance of a successful therapy depends on the proper targeting of loaded bioactive components to specific sites in the body. MNPs are nanocarrier-based systems that are magnetically guided to specific regions using an external magnetic field. Therefore, MNPs are an excellent tool for different biomedical applications, in the form of imaging agents, sensors, drug delivery targets/vehicles, and diagnostic tools in managing disease therapy. A great contribution was made to improve engineering skills in surgical diagnosis, therapy, and treatment, while the advantages and applicability of MNPs have opened up a large scope of studies. This review highlights MNPs and their synthesis strategies, followed by surface functionalization techniques, which makes them promising magnetic biomaterials in biomedicine, with special emphasis on drug delivery. Mechanism of the delivery system with key factors affecting the drug delivery efficiency using MNPs are discussed, considering their toxicity and limitations as well.

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Figure 1 Various biomedical applications of MNPs.
Figure 1 Various biomedical applications of MNPs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Types of MNPs modified with organic or inorganic polymers. Summarized from [32].
Figure 2 Types of MNPs modified with organic or inorganic polymers. Summarized from [32].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Synthesis of MNPs using the co-precipitation method: mixing of ferrous and ferric solution (yellow; left), addition of ammonia hydroxide solution (brown; middle), and precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles (black; right).
Figure 3 Synthesis of MNPs using the co-precipitation method: mixing of ferrous and ferric solution (yellow; left), addition of ammonia hydroxide solution (brown; middle), and precipitation of magnetic nanoparticles (black; right).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Synthesis of MNPs using the thermal decomposition method: heating of organic iron compound (left), followed by thermal decomposition above 300 °C (middle), resulting in the synthesis of MNPs (right).
Figure 4 Synthesis of MNPs using the thermal decomposition method: heating of organic iron compound (left), followed by thermal decomposition above 300 °C (middle), resulting in the synthesis of MNPs (right).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Microemulsion method for synthesizing MNPs.
Figure 5 Microemulsion method for synthesizing MNPs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Sol–gel method for synthesis of MNPs.
Figure 6 Sol–gel method for synthesis of MNPs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 Hydrothermal method for synthesis of MNPs.
Figure 7 Hydrothermal method for synthesis of MNPs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 8 Simple synthesis process of MNPs using green substrates.
Figure 8 Simple synthesis process of MNPs using green substrates.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 9 Various surface coatings of MNPs based on natural and synthetic polymers. Summarized from [147].
Figure 9 Various surface coatings of MNPs based on natural and synthetic polymers. Summarized from [147].CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 10 MNPs with their physicochemical limitations related to drug delivery systems.
Figure 10 MNPs with their physicochemical limitations related to drug delivery systems.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 11 Structures of anticancer drugs conjugated to MNPs via covalent or noncovalent pathways.
Figure 11 Structures of anticancer drugs conjugated to MNPs via covalent or noncovalent pathways.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 12 Targeted drug release system performed in a cell membrane, where it shows the linkage of MNPs to the receptors while being entered into the cell via endocytosis, followed by drug release. Summarized from [218].
Figure 12 Targeted drug release system performed in a cell membrane, where it shows the linkage of MNPs to the receptors while being entered into the cell via endocytosis, followed by drug release. Summarized from [218].CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Vasić, K., Knez, Ž., & Leitgeb, M.
Venue
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2024-08-14
Volume
15
Issue
8
Pages
227
ISSN
2079-4983
DOI
10.3390/jfb15080227
PMC
PMC11355331
Cited by
76
References
7
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Funders
Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) (P2-0046, J2-3037, Z2-4431, L2-4430, L2-3175)

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