Dextran and polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG) coating reduce both 5 and 30 nm iron oxide nanoparticle cytotoxicity in 2D and 3D cell culture
Open accessAbstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are widely used in biomedical applications, yet questions remain regarding the effect of nanoparticle size and coating on nanoparticle cytotoxicity. In this study, porcine aortic endothelial cells were exposed to 5 and 30 nm diameter iron oxide nanoparticles coated with either the polysaccharide, dextran, or the polymer polyethylene glycol (PEG). Nanoparticle uptake, cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, and cell morphology changes were measured. Endothelial cells took up nanoparticles of all sizes and coatings in a dose dependent manner, and intracellular nanoparticles remained clustered in cytoplasmic vacuoles. Bare nanoparticles in both sizes induced a more than 6 fold increase in cell death at the highest concentration (0.5 mg/mL) and led to significant cell elongation, whereas cell viability and morphology remained constant with coated nanoparticles. While bare 30 nm nanoparticles induced significant ROS formation, neither 5 nm nanoparticles (bare or coated) nor 30 nm coated nanoparticles changed ROS levels. Furthermore, nanoparticles were more toxic at lower concentrations when cells were cultured within 3D gels. These results indicate that both dextran and PEG coatings reduce nanoparticle cytotoxicity, however different mechanisms may be important for different size nanoparticles.
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While dextran has no direct cytotoxic effects, degradation of the dextran shell may influence certain cellular processes.
“It has to be kept in mind in this regard that while dextran has no direct cytotoxic effects, the degradation of the dextran shell may influence certain cellular processes [30, 65, 86, 87].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
Among different polymer coatings, PEG and dextran are the most extensively employed, likely because they are generally regarded as safe and are not very rapidly recognized by macrophages in liver and spleen when administered intravenously.
“Among the different polymer coatings, PEG and dextran are the most extensively employed ones, likely because they are generally regarded as safe (GRAS), and also because they are not very rapidly recognized by macrophages in liver and spleen when administered intravenously [85, 86].”
From Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications (2019) · cites this paper as [86]
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- Authors
- Yu, M., Huang, S., Yu, K. J., & Clyne, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Drexel University (US)
- Institute for Environmental Medicine and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Corresponding author
- Clyne, Alisa Morss
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2012-05-09
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 5554-5570
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3382777
- OpenAlex
- W2098922547
- Cited by
- 308
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 7.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1038769)
- University of Pennsylvania
- Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Nanoparticles: synthesis and applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Characterization and Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles
- Keywords
- superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, nanoparticle cytotoxicity, dextran coating, polyethylene glycol coating, nanoparticle size, porcine aortic endothelial cells, reactive oxygen species, nanoparticle uptake, 3D cell culture, cell morphology, cell death, nanoparticle clustering
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Aorta, Cell Survival, Cells, Cultured, Dextrans, Ferric Compounds, Actin Cytoskeleton, Polyethylene Glycols, Swine, Reactive Oxygen Species, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Endothelial Cells, Nanoparticles
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