The Legal Challenges of Realistic and AI-Driven Child Sexual Abuse Material: Regulatory and Enforcement Perspectives in Europe
Open accessAbstract
Although the escalation in online child sexual abuse material (CSAM) is not a novel problem, recent digital proliferation has brought about new alarming challenges in addressing the issue. CSAM poses significant risks to children and society in general, the most serious being the long-lasting harmful effects on depicted victims. The already distressing problem is exacerbated by the worldwide appearance and spread of AI-driven or virtual CSAM, as AI offers a fast and increasingly profitable means for the sexual exploitation of children. The paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of current legislative measures focusing the European Union for combating online CSAM. With a particular focus on AI-driven CSAM, we will systematically evaluate the effectiveness and applicability of these regulations in addressing virtual CSAM. The paper will conclude with policy recommendations to address identified gaps in the European legislative framework concerning virtual CSAM.
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Time and resources required to verify whether material is real or synthetic delays responses to cases involving children experiencing ongoing or imminent abuse, diverting investigative focus and straining forensic units.
“The time and resources required to verify whether material is real or synthetic delays responses to cases involving children experiencing ongoing or imminent abuse, diverting investigative focus, and placing additional strain on forensic units (IWF 2023; Parti and Szabó 2024; Thiel et al. 2023).”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Parti and Szabó 2024
The Introduction (page unavailable) says virtual CSAM strains law enforcement and impedes the identification and protection of real child victims. It does not say that verifying whether material is real or synthetic delays responses to ongoing or imminent abuse, diverts investigative focus, or specifically strains forensic units. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEngagement with synthetic material lowers the psychological threshold for individuals to seek out more extreme content, increasing the risk of transitioning to real-world abuse.
“There is increasing concern that engagement with synthetic material lowers the psychological threshold for individuals to seek out more extreme content, increasing the risk of transitioning to real-world abuse (Parti and Szabó 2024; Thiel et al. 2023).”
From AI-generated child sexual abuse material: what’s the harm? (2026) · cites this paper as Parti and Szabó 2024
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- Authors
- Parti, K., & Szabó, J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech (US)
- National Institute of Criminology (HU)
- Corresponding author
- Parti, Katalin
- Venue
- Laws
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-10-30
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 67
- ISSN
- 2075-471X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4403892238
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 7
- FWCI
- 38.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Laws (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- VTechWorks (Virginia Tech) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal and Social Justice Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
- Keywords
- child pornography, online child sexual exploitation, European Union law, regulatory enforcement, legal challenges, child protection, policy recommendations
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