LC-MS/MS Detection of Karlotoxins Reveals New Variants in Strains of the Marine Dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum from the Ebro Delta (NW Mediterranean)
Open accessAbstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the detection and quantitation of karlotoxins in the selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. This novel method was based upon the analysis of purified karlotoxins (KcTx-1, KmTx-2, 44-oxo-KmTx-2, KmTx-5), one amphidinol (AM-18), and unpurified extracts of bulk cultures of the marine dinoflagellate Karlodinium veneficum strain CCMP2936 from Delaware (Eastern USA), which produces KmTx-1 and KmTx-3. The limit of detection of the SRM method for KmTx-2 was determined as 2.5 ng on-column. Collision induced dissociation (CID) spectra of all putative karlotoxins were recorded to present fragmentation patterns of each compound for their unambiguous identification. Bulk cultures of K. veneficum strain K10 isolated from an embayment of the Ebro Delta, NW Mediterranean, yielded five previously unreported putative karlotoxins with molecular masses 1280, 1298, 1332, 1356, and 1400 Da, and similar fragments to KmTx-5. Analysis of several isolates of K. veneficum from the Ebro Delta revealed small-scale diversity in the karlotoxin spectrum in that one isolate from Fangar Bay produced KmTx-5, whereas the five putative novel karlotoxins were found among several isolates from nearby, but hydrographically distinct Alfacs Bay. Application of this LC-MS/MS method represents an incremental advance in the determination of putative karlotoxins, particularly in the absence of a complete spectrum of purified analytical standards of known specific potency.
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- Authors
- Krock, B., Busch, J., Tillmann, U., García-Camacho, F., Sánchez-Mirón, A., Gallardo-Rodríguez, J., López-Rosales, L., Andree, K., Fernández-Tejedor, M., Witt, M., Cembella, A., & Place, A.
- Affiliations
- Alfred-Wegener-Institut Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung (DE)
- University of Almería (ES)
- Chemical Engineering Area, University of Almería, 04120 La Cañada, Spain
- University of Concepción (CL)
- Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (ES)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rapita, Tarragona, Spain
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstr. 4, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (US)
- Corresponding author
- Krock, Bernd
- ORCID
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-12-18
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 391
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5742851
- OpenAlex
- W2780970587
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 1.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar-und Meeresforschung (Alfred-Wegener-Institut) (acceptedVersion)
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentaries) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Repositorio de Patentes de la Universidad de Almería (Universidad de Almería) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CTQ2014, CTQ2014-55888-C3-02, SAF2011-28883-C03-02)
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (SAF2011-28883-C03-02, CTQ2014-55888-C3-02)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA-NOS-NCCOS-2012-2002987)
- European Regional Development Fund
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES021949)
- National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- Karlodinium veneficum, dinoflagellate toxins, multiple reaction monitoring, LC-MS/MS method development, toxin variants, Ebro Delta, Alfacs Bay, collision-induced dissociation
- MeSH terms
- Chromatography, Liquid, Dinoflagellida, Marine Toxins, Mediterranean Sea, Polyenes, Pyrans, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Aquatic Organisms
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