Neurotoxins from Marine Dinoflagellates: A Brief Review
Open accessAbstract
Dinoflagellates are not only important marine primary producers and grazers, but also the major causative agents of harmful algal blooms. It has been reported that many dinoflagellate species can produce various natural toxins. These toxins can be extremely toxic and many of them are effective at far lower dosages than conventional chemical agents. Consumption of seafood contaminated by algal toxins results in various seafood poisoning syndromes: paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), diarrheic shellfish poisoning (DSP), ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) and azaspiracid shellfish poisoning (ASP). Most of these poisonings are caused by neurotoxins which present themselves with highly specific effects on the nervous system of animals, including humans, by interfering with nerve impulse transmission. Neurotoxins are a varied group of compounds, both chemically and pharmacologically. They vary in both chemical structure and mechanism of action, and produce very distinct biological effects, which provides a potential application of these toxins in pharmacology and toxicology. This review summarizes the origin, structure and clinical symptoms of PSP, NSP, CFP, AZP, yessotoxin and palytoxin produced by marine dinoflagellates, as well as their molecular mechanisms of action on voltage-gated ion channels.
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Algal toxins are toxic to human brain nerves.
“Researchers have attempted to evaluate the effects of algal toxin; numerous studies demonstrate algal toxins are toxic to human brain nerves [124,125,126].”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [124]
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- Authors
- Wang, D.-Z.
- Affiliations
- Xiamen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Da-Zhi
- ORCID
- Wang, Da-Zhi
- Venue
- Marine Drugs
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2008-06-11
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 349-371
- ISSN
- 1660-3397 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2525493
- OpenAlex
- W4211061702
- Cited by
- 375
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- 13.15
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- en
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- Licence
- Locations
- Marine Drugs (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (40376032, 40476053)
- Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China
- Xiamen University
- Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Marine Toxins and Detection Methods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Endocrinology › Vibrio bacteria research studies
- Keywords
- harmful algal blooms, paralytic shellfish poisoning, neurotoxic shellfish poisoning, amnesic shellfish poisoning, diarrheic shellfish poisoning, ciguatera, yessotoxin, palytoxin, voltage-gated ion channels, seafood poisoning
- MeSH terms
- Polyether Toxins, Acrylamides, Animals, Cnidarian Venoms, Dinoflagellida, Humans, Ion Channels, Marine Toxins, Mollusk Venoms, Neurotoxins, Paralysis, Spiro Compounds, Ion Channel Gating, Neurotoxicity Syndromes, Oxocins, Ciguatera Poisoning, Shellfish Poisoning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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