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Towards Electrochemical Water Desalination Techniques: A Review on Capacitive Deionization, Membrane Capacitive Deionization and Flow Capacitive Deionization
Open accessAbstract
Electrochemical water desalination has been a major research area since the 1960s with the development of capacitive deionization technique. For the latter, its modus operandi lies in temporary salt ion adsorption when a simple potential difference (1.0–1.4 V) of about 1.2 V is supplied to the system to temporarily create an electric field that drives the ions to their different polarized poles and subsequently desorb these solvated ions when potential is switched off. Capacitive deionization targets/extracts the solutes instead of the solvent and thus consumes less energy and is highly effective for brackish water. This paper reviews Capacitive Deionization (mechanism of operation, sustainability, optimization processes, and shortcomings) with extension to its counterparts (Membrane Capacitive Deionization and Flow Capacitive Deionization).
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![Figure 1 Advances in electrochemical technologies for desalination (a) in terms of published papers by Wang et al. [3] (b) in terms of exploitation/utilization per technology.](/paper-figures/7f46f82bb3374555a4f3b24253e3bc53/towards-electrochemical-water-desalination-techniques-a-review-on-capacitive-figure-1.jpg)


![Figure 4 Schematic diagram (a) of capacitive deionization CDI set up [29], (b) CDI cell.](/paper-figures/794f83c1282b4e30ae9cf6eaf9ce21bb/towards-electrochemical-water-desalination-techniques-a-review-on-capacitive-figure-4.jpg)





![Figure 10 Trend in energy reduction in ED as reported by Sajjad et al. [21].](/paper-figures/fec1c50e887e46a99553d8ac491f8667/towards-electrochemical-water-desalination-techniques-a-review-on-capacitive-figure-10.jpg)
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“MCDI significantly enhances the efficiency of CDI by improving operating conditions such as charge efficiency and ion adsorption”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
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“FCDI not only offers a cost-effective approach with lower energy consumption but also minimizes chemical waste compared to conventional methods (Folaranmi et al., 2020).”
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Switchable NaCl cages via a MWCNTs/Ni[Fe(CN) 6 ] 2 nanocomposite for high performance desalination
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Wu, J., Chen, B., Feng, A., Liu, K., & Yu, Y. (2023) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3nj05188a · Cited by 5
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Mishra, S. K., Sengupta, S., & Das, S. K. (2025) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-025-36069-0 · Cited by 5
“…technique targets solute from solution by charging the electrodes presented with a higher specific area of surface at a constant voltage or current value rather than solvent (water molecule) from the solution, making them much more suitable without higher energy consumption (Folaranmi et al. 2020).”
Khoiruddin, K., Wardani, A. K., Aryanti, P. T. P., & Wenten, I. G. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-88514-0.00009-7 · Cited by 5
Activated Carbon-Embedded Reduced Graphene Oxide Electrodes for Capacitive Desalination
Ahmed, T., Sun, J., Park, C.-G., Shon, H. K., Han, D. S., & Park, H. (2023) · Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology · doi:10.33961/jecst.2023.00066 · Cited by 5
Saleem, M. W., Ali, S., Usman, M., Chaudhary, T. N., Ullah, A., Arslan, M., & Hameed, A. U. (2024) · Environmental Technology · doi:10.1080/09593330.2024.2326798 · Cited by 5
Wu, J., Cui, J., Feng, A., Liu, K., & Yu, Y. (2024) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.4c00621 · Cited by 5
Seawater and Brackish Water Desalination
Usman, M., Sharma, D. D., & Ernst, M. (2024) · Green energy and technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-62411-7_8 · Cited by 6
Sherugar, P., Kim, J., Lee, H., Mameda, N., Hou, C., & Choo, K. (2026) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2026.120176 · Cited by 4
Deng, Z., Lu, H., Mo, J., Li, H., Li, Q., Long, J., Zhang, G., Xie, Y., Wang, T., Chen, J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.142487 · Cited by 4
Microfluidic Electrochemical Desalination Systems: A Review
Abuwatfa, W. H., Taleb, H. M. A., AlSawaftah, N., Chahrour, K., Husseini, G. A., & Darwish, N. (2025) · Water · doi:10.3390/w17111601 · Cited by 4
The electrosorption behavior of shuttle-like FeP: performance and mechanism
Peng, G., & Li, H. (2023) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d2ra07857k · Cited by 4
Electrodialysis and membrane capacitive deionization
Ojelade, O. A., & Jolaoso, L. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-14005-1.00006-4 · Cited by 4
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“ASAR and CE were reported to be 15.6 mg/g and 95% in a study by Folaranmi et al. (Folaranmi et al. 2020).”
InfluentialZhang, X. K., Peng, Y., Zhang, N., Gao, J., Shi, M., & Pan, J. (2026) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2026.137364 · Cited by 3
Lv, M., Wei, W., Du, Z. H., Liu, N., Qiao, Y., Lu, J., & Liu, P. (2026) · Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2026.120112 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Folaranmi, G., Bechelany, M., Sistat, P., Cretin, M., & Zaviska, F.
- Affiliations
- École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier (FR)
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR-5635, University Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 05, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Venue
- Membranes
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-05-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 96
- ISSN
- 2077-0375 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7281590
- OpenAlex
- W3025469769
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 1.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Membranes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Australian Government
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemical Engineering › Filtration and Separation › Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Membrane Separation Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanopore and Nanochannel Transport Studies
- Keywords
- capacitive deionization, membrane capacitive deionization, brackish water treatment, energy consumption
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