A Review on Ion-Exchange Membrane Fouling during the Electrodialysis Process in the Food Industry, Part 1: Types, Effects, Characterization Methods, Fouling Mechanisms and Interactions
Open accessAbstract
Electrodialysis (ED) was first established for water desalination and is still highly recommended in this field for its high water recovery, long lifetime and acceptable electricity consumption. Today, thanks to technological progress in ED processes and the emergence of new ion-exchange membranes (IEMs), ED has been extended to many other applications in the food industry. This expansion of uses has also generated several problems such as IEMs’ lifetime limitation due to different ageing phenomena (because of organic and/or mineral compounds). The current commercial IEMs show excellent performance in ED processes; however, organic foulants such as proteins, surfactants, polyphenols or other natural organic matters can adhere on their surface (especially when using anion-exchange membranes: AEMs) forming a colloid layer or can infiltrate the membrane matrix, which leads to the increase in electrical resistance, resulting in higher energy consumption, lower water recovery, loss of membrane permselectivity and current efficiency as well as lifetime limitation. If these aspects are not sufficiently controlled and mastered, the use and the efficiency of ED processes will be limited since, it will no longer be competitive or profitable compared to other separation methods. In this work we reviewed a significant amount of recent scientific publications, research and reviews studying the phenomena of IEM fouling during the ED process in food industry with a special focus on the last decade. We first classified the different types of fouling according to the most commonly used classifications. Then, the fouling effects, the characterization methods and techniques as well as the different fouling mechanisms and interactions as well as their influence on IEM matrix and fixed groups were presented, analyzed, discussed and illustrated.
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ED systems have significant energy consumption when processing high-concentration brine.
“ED systems are known for their high initial installation costs and significant energy consumption when processing high-concentration brine”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [71]
The Introduction and Conclusions say that membrane fouling can increase ED energy consumption. They do not link that increase to processing high-concentration brine; the Introduction instead describes electricity consumption in desalination as acceptable. Searches for high-concentration brine and high-salinity energy use found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMembrane fouling and scaling can reduce ED efficiency, necessitating regular maintenance.
“membrane fouling and scaling can reduce efficiency, necessitating regular maintenance”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [71]
The Introduction says fouling increases electrical resistance, raises energy consumption, and can limit ED efficiency; it also defines scaling as mineral fouling. Section 2.1 discusses scaling’s effect on membrane-surface conductivity. The paper mentions cleaning operations but does not say that fouling and scaling necessitate regular maintenance. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredED systems have high initial installation costs.
“ED systems are known for their high initial installation costs and significant energy consumption when processing high-concentration brine”
From Electrochemical Direct Lithium Extraction: A Review of Electrodialysis and Capacitive Deionization Technologies (2025) · cites this paper as [71]
The Conclusions (page unavailable) call ion-exchange membranes the most expensive component of ED modules, but do not discuss initial installation costs. Searches for installation and capital costs found no passage establishing that ED systems have high upfront costs. (LLM, conf=0.72)
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Park, J., Lee, J., Shim, I.-T., Kim, E., Nam, S.-H., Koo, J.-W., & Hwang, T.-M. (2025) · Resources · doi:10.3390/resources14020027 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Additionally, membrane fouling and scaling can reduce efficiency, necessitating regular maintenance [71].”
- Authors
- Dammak, L., Fouilloux, J., Bdiri, M., Larchet, C., Renard, E., Baklouti, L., Sarapulova, V., Kozmai, A., & Pismenskaya, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Qassim University (SA)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Kuban State University, 149, Stavropol’skaya Str., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Kuban State University (RU)
- Corresponding author
- Dammak, Lasâad
- ORCID
- Venue
- Membranes
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-10-16
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 789
- ISSN
- 2077-0375 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8539029
- OpenAlex
- W3207308421
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 196
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Membranes (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Russian Foundation for Basic Research (19-48-230024 reg_a)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Membrane-based Ion Separation Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Membrane Separation Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Electrostatics and Colloid Interactions
- Keywords
- electrodialysis, food industry, anion exchange membranes, organic fouling, protein fouling, membrane aging, membrane lifetime, membrane permselectivity, current efficiency, water recovery, energy consumption
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