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Carotenoids and Their Isomers: Color Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables

Khoo, Hock-Eng, Prasad, K. Nagendra, Kong, Kin-Weng, Jiang, Yueming, Ismail, Amin·2011·Molecules
DOI 10.3390/molecules16021710PMC PMC6259627
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Abstract

Fruits and vegetables are colorful pigment-containing food sources. Owing to their nutritional benefits and phytochemicals, they are considered as ‘functional food ingredients’. Carotenoids are some of the most vital colored phytochemicals, occurring as all-trans and cis-isomers, and accounting for the brilliant colors of a variety of fruits and vegetables. Carotenoids extensively studied in this regard include β-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin. Coloration of fruits and vegetables depends on their growth maturity, concentration of carotenoid isomers, and food processing methods. This article focuses more on several carotenoids and their isomers present in different fruits and vegetables along with their concentrations. Carotenoids and their geometric isomers also play an important role in protecting cells from oxidation and cellular damages.

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Figure 1 The structure of all-trans-β-carotene and its two geometric isomers [35,46].
Figure 1 The structure of all-trans-β-carotene and its two geometric isomers [35,46].CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
Khoo, H.-E., Prasad, K. N., Kong, K.-W., Jiang, Y., & Ismail, A.
Affiliations
  • Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
  • South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
ORCID
Jiang, Yueming
Venue
Molecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2011-02-18
Volume
16
Issue
2
Pages
1710-1738
ISSN
1420-3049
DOI
10.3390/molecules16021710
PMC
PMC6259627
Cited by
523
References
1
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ (vor)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Carotenoids and Their Isomers: Color Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3390/molecules16021710
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Khoo, H.-E., Prasad, K. N., Kong, K.-W., Jiang, Y., & Ismail, A. (2011). Carotenoids and Their Isomers: Color Pigments in Fruits and Vegetables. Molecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16021710

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